Quiz 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

The nervous system A) monitors internal and external stimuli. B) transmits information in the form of action potentials. C) interprets or assesses information. D) maintains homeostasis. E) All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills? A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) somatic nervous system D) autonomic nervous system E) None of these choices is correct.

The central nervous system includes the A) ganglia. B) spinal cord. C) spinal nerves. D) cranial nerves. E) sensory receptors.

The peripheral nervous system includes the A) brain. B) spinal cord. C) cranial nerves. D) blood-brain barrier. E) cerebellum.

There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves. A) 10; 30 B) 31; 12 C) 12; 31 D) 30; 10 E) 12; 32

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in A) ganglia. B) Schwann cells. C) the motor division. D) the sensory division. E) nerves.

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system A) transmits action potentials to sensory organs. B) conveys action potentials to the CNS. C) stimulates glands to release hormones. D) stimulates muscle contractions. E) does not involve sensory receptors.

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system A) is a division of the CNS. B) regulates the digestion of food. C) transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle. D) has nerve cell bodies located in ganglia near the spinal cord and brain. E) detects a stimulus.

The autonomic nervous system A) stimulates skeletal muscle contractions. B) has two sets of neurons in a series. C) is involved in problem solving. D) is under voluntary control. E) does not include the central nervous system.

Digestion of food is regulated by the A) sensory division. B) sympathetic division of the ANS. C) parasympathetic division of the ANS. D) somatic nervous system. E) None of these choices are correct.

The central nervous system A) is the site for processing information. B) initiates visual and auditory stimuli. C) consists of 43 pairs of nerves. D) is totally involuntary. E) does not interact with the peripheral nervous system.

Which of the following is mismatched? A) central nervous system - brain B) autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions C) peripheral nervous system - spinal nerves D) somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS E) peripheral nervous system - sensory and motor divisions

The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an A) synapse. B) ganglion. C) receptor. D) effector.

The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the A) brain. B) spinal cord. C) digestive tract. D) urinary bladder.

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in A) axons. B) dendrites. C) cell bodies or soma. D) terminal boutons. E) node of Ranvier.

Nissl bodies are A) part of a dendrite. B) also called gemmules. C) lipid droplets. D) areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum. E) part of the Golgi apparatus.

Dendrites A) are the input part of the neuron. B) conduct action potentials away from the cell body. C) are generally long and unbranched. D) form synapses with the microglia. E) contain the trigger zone.

Axons A) contain the nucleus. B) are numerous extensions from each neuron. C) do not have a trigger zone. D) have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals. E) do not have a resting membrane potential.

Axons contain A) the trigger zone. B) foot processes. C) Nissl bodies. D) the soma. E) the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the A) dendrites. B) cell body. C) axolemma. D) presynaptic terminals. E) trigger zone.

A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a(n)____________. A) motor neuron B) sensory neuron C) afferent neuron D) efferent neuron E) interneuron

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n) A) motor neuron. B) sensory or afferent neuron. C) efferent neuron. D) association neuron. E) interneuron.

The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are A) tripolar. B) bipolar. C) multipolar. D) pseudo-unipolar. E) None of these choices are correct.

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are A) tripolar. B) bipolar. C) multipolar. D) pseudo-unipolar.

Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are A) apolar. B) pseudo-unipolar. C) bipolar. D) multipolar.

Which of the following statements regarding neuroglia is false? A) Neuroglia serve as the major supporting tissue in the CNS. B) Neuroglia form part of the blood-brain barrier. C) Neuroglia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles. D) Neuroglia form myelin sheaths around some axons. E) Neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid.

The blood-brain barrier A) permits passage of foreign substances from the blood to the neurons. B) prohibits the transport of amino acids and glucose to the neurons. C) prohibits the removal of waste materials from the neurons. D) protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood. E) does not prevent fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain.

LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective? A) astrocyte B) microglial cell C) oligodendrocyte D) ependymal cell E) macrophage

Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. What supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space? A) astrocytes B) microglial cells C) oligodendrocytes D) macrophages E) ependymal cells

Fran has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time? A) astrocytes B) microglial cells C) oligodendrocytes D) ependymal cells E) Schwann cells

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis? A) astrocyte B) microglial cell C) oligodendrocyte D) ependymal cell E) Schwann cells

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways? A) Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not. B) Oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS. C) Schwann cells form sheaths around several axons, while oligodendrocytes form sheaths around only one axon. D) Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons. E) None of these choices are true differences.

Which of the following is mismatched? A) microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body B) astrocytes - blood-brain barrier C) oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheaths D) ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid E) ependymal cells - choroid plexus

Which of the following is true? A) Unmyelinated axons rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes.. B) Myelination will not influence the speed of conduction of action potentials. C) The myelin sheath inhibits the flow of electrical charges at nodes. D) The myelin sheath is a protein wrapping. E) The myelin sheath does not electrically insulate the axons from one another.

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called A) internodes. B) tight junctions. C) neurofilaments. D) nodes of Ranvier. E) gap junctions.

Which of the following is NOT true about astrocytes? A) They can wall off an injury site to prevent spread of inflammation. B) They can prevent toxic substances from entering brain tissue. C) They can release chemicals that promote formation of synapses. D) They can aid in the regeneration of injured neurons.

Which of the following is NOT true of reactive astrocytosis? A) injury site is blocked off B) scars limit regeneration C) causes the spread of inflammation D) reduces injury to surrounding tissue

Which of the following is NOT a neuroglia of the CNS? A) ependymal cells B) satellite cells C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocytes

What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS? A) Schwann cells B) microglia C) ependymal cells D) satellite cells

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is A) from node to node on a myelinated axon. B) on a small diameter axon. C) on an unmyelinated axon. D) from internode to internode. E) from internode to node on a myelinated axon.

White matter is composed of A) ganglial sheaths. B) bundles of myelinated axons. C) collections of nerve cell bodies. D) bundles containing both myelinated axons and nerve cell bodies. E) collections of unmyelinated axons.

If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut A) ganglia. B) nuclei. C) nerves. D) gray matter. E) nerve tracts.

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called A) cortices. B) nerves. C) ganglia. D) nuclei.

Gray matter on the surface of the brain is/are called A) the cortex. B) nuclei. C) ganglia. D) tracts.

Gray matter has little myelination, whereas white matter has abundant myelination. TRUE

Gray matter consists of bundles of myelinated axons. FALSE

The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to potassium ions because A) of its positive electrical charge. B) there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+. C) protein molecules cannot exit through the cell membrane. D) calcium ions block Na+ and Cl- channels. E) there are more leak ion channels for Na+ than K+.

Which of the following is true? A) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to Na+ than K+. B) The resting membrane potential never reaches an equilibrium point. C) The resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell. D) Negatively charged Cl- ions are attracted by negative charges in the cell. E) The purpose of the sodium-potassium exchange pump is to create an equilibrium of ion concentrations.

Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to potassium. You would expect his cells to A) depolarize. B) repolarize. C) isopolarize. D) hyperpolarize. E) hypopolarize.

For the resting membrane potential, increasing the sodium ion concentration in the ECF results in A) hyperpolarization. B) depolarization. C) hypopolarization. D) little change in membrane potential. E) There is not enough information to determine the results.

A change in the resting membrane potential has the following characteristics (non-propagated, graded, can summate). This type of change can A) be a local potential. B) be an action potential. C) be a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+. D) result in repolarization. E) be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+.

Which of the following statements accurately describe events that occur as a result of a local potential reaching threshold? A) Activation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to close. B) Inactivation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to open. C) A positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ ion channels to open. D) K+ ion channels begin to close. E) Inactivation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to open and a positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ ion channels to open.

Which of the following events will lead to depolarization? A) an increase in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid B) a decrease in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid C) an increase in the rate of diffusion of K+ ions from cells D) an increase in Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid E) None of these events would cause depolarization.

In hyperpolarization A) K+ ions tend to diffuse out of the cell. B) the plasma membrane's permeability to K+ decreases. C) the resting membrane potential moves closer to zero. D) Na+ ions enter the cell in large numbers. E) the resting membrane potential becomes more positive.

If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is decreased, A) the potential difference across the plasma membrane does not change. B) the membrane potential is more positive. C) the change is called hyperpolarization. D) negative proteins can leave the cell. E) the membrane potential is more negative.

Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells? A) When Na+ ion channels open, K+ ion channels close. B) The sodium-potassium exchange pump moves sodium into the cell. C) Depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open. D) Ligand-gated sodium ion channels are opened by high extracellular calcium levels. E) Proteins tend to diffuse out of the cell.

Voltage-gated sodium channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of A) potassium ions. B) proteins. C) sodium ions. D) chloride ions. E) calcium ions.

A local potential A) does not occur until threshold. B) transmits information from one cell to another. C) might be a depolarization event but cannot be a hyperpolarization event. D) increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength. E) does not alter resting membrane potential.

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a(n) A) local potential. B) action potential. C) summated potential. D) after potential. E) resting membrane potential.

Low levels of ___ can have dire consequences on the functioning of neurons because of its role in membrane repolarization. A) sodium ions B) potassium ions C) chloride ions D) hydrogen ions

Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of A) potassium ions. B) chloride ions. C) calcium ions. D) sodium ions. E) proteins.

An action potential A) occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level. B) propagates across the plasma membrane in a decremental fashion. C) has no repolarization phase. D) is an example of negative feedback. E) cannot transmit information.

Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of an action potential? A) The plasma membrane becomes highly permeable to sodium ions and depolarization results. B) As sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative. C) At the peak of depolarization, sodium channels begin to close and potassium channels open. D) In repolarization, potassium ions flow out of the cell. E) Action potentials occur according to the all-or-none principle.

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called A) an all-or-none response. B) a graded response. C) a latent period response. D) a relative refractory response. E) a local response.

In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because A) the sodium ions continue to enter the cell after depolarization is finished. B) there is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium during repolarization. C) the sodium-potassium pump is actively exchanging ions across the membrane. D) the extracellular Na+ ion concentration is reduced. E) the permeability to sodium continues longer than necessary.

When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the A) neuron dies. B) neuron regenerates. C) cell no longer has a potential difference across its membrane. D) original polarity of the neuron is restored. E) neuron is no longer excitable.

The opening of more and more Na+ ion channels during depolarization A) is the result of the sodium-potassium exchange pump. B) is an example of a positive feedback cycle. C) is possible only if K+ channels remain closed. D) is the cause of the afterpotential. E) is an example of a negative feedback cycle.

Which of the following statements regarding voltage-gated K+ channels is true? A) These channels have only one gate. B) These channels open more slowly than Na+ channels. C) Once open, these channels remain open until repolarization is complete. D) These channels are specific for potassium. E) All of these statements are true.

During depolarization of the plasma membrane, A) sodium ions move rapidly into the cell. B) potassium ions move rapidly out of the cell. C) membrane permeability to sodium ions decreases. D) the outside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the inside. E) sodium ions move rapidly out of the cell.

Each voltage-gated Na+ ion channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization? A) Activation gates are open; inactivation gates are closed. B) Activation gates are closed; inactivation gates are open. C) Both activation and inactivation gates are open. D) Both activation and inactivation gates are closed. E) None of these events occurs during depolarization.

If the ECF around a nerve cell is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains potassium ions and other solutes at concentrations very close to the ECF concentrations of a normal cell, the result is A) no resting membrane potential. B) hyperpolarized membrane. C) depolarized membrane. D) a resting membrane potential close to its normal value. E) None of these choices is correct.

During the absolute refractory period, the cell A) generates many local potentials. B) is insensitive to further stimulation. C) responds to even weak stimuli. D) reverses the direction of the action potential. E) is very sensitive.

The absolute refractory period assures A) prolonged depolarization during the action potential. B) completion of repolarization before another action potential. C) that no after-potential occurs. D) reversal of the direction of propagation of the action potential. E) that the stimulus is strong enough to elicit a response.

The absolute refractory period ends when A) inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels reopen. B) activation gates of voltage-gates Na+ ion channels reopen. C) the sodium-potassium exchange pump stops. D) voltage-gated K+ channels open. E) None of these choices is correct.

A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80 mV. Predict the result. A) threshold is reached B) depolarization occurs C) the neuron is hyperpolarized D) information of frequency is needed to predict the result E) the neuron releases neurotransmitter in response

A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is A) amplitude of the action potential increases. B) duration of the action potential increases. C) frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases. D) resonance of action potentials increases. E) height of the action potentials increases.

The strength of a stimulus is communicated through A) changes in the magnitude of the action potential. B) the frequency of the action potentials. C) the length of time action potentials are produced. D) both the frequency and the length of time action potentials are produced.

Continuous conduction of an action potential means that A) once one action potential is created, it moves down the axon. B) the whole axon depolarizes at the same time. C) one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site. D) an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that A) once one action potential is created, it moves down the axon. B) the whole axon depolarizes at the same time. C) one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site. D) an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

The speed of an action potential depends upon A) whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated. B) thickness of the myelin sheath. C) the diameter of the axon. D) All of the choices are correct.

Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a(an) A) excitatory postsynaptic potential. B) resting membrane potential. C) inhibitory postsynaptic potential. D) gap junction potential. E) action potential.

Chemical synapses are characterized by A) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal. B) connexons that connect the pre- and postsynaptic cells. C) the presence of receptors for neurotransmitters on the presynaptic terminal. D) the absence of gap junctions. E) receptors located only on the presynaptic terminal.

Gap junctions are functional __________ synapses. A) chemical B) electrical C) potential D) intracellular E) neuromuscular

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential (2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases (5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter A) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 B) 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 C) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 E) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1

The junction between two neurons is a A) ganglia. B) synapse. C) fascicle. D) node of Ranvier. E) neuromuscular junction.

Neurotransmitters are released from the A) epineurium. B) synaptic cleft. C) presynaptic terminal. D) postsynaptic membrane. E) calcium channels.

Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would A) increase neurotransmitter release. B) decrease the release of neurotransmitter. C) increase neurotransmitter production. D) interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter. E) destroy vesicles containing neurotransmitter.

Why isn't an action potential transmitted from a postsynaptic membrane to a presynaptic terminal? A) Presynaptic terminals have no acetylcholine receptors. B) Presynaptic neurons do not have a resting membrane potential. C) Acetylcholine can only diffuse in one direction across the synaptic cleft. D) Synaptic vesicles in the postsynaptic membrane are inactive. E) Acetylcholine is destroyed too fast.

Neurotransmitters A) stimulate presynaptic terminals. B) remain in the synaptic cleft for long periods of time. C) bind irreversibly to the receptor molecules of the postsynaptic membrane. D) cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane. E) do not affect membrane channels in the postsynaptic membrane.

Neurotransmitter is being released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs last? A) Calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal. B) Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter by exocytosis. C) An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane. D) Neurotransmitter flows rapidly across the synaptic cleft. E) Neurotransmitter binds with the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane.

Rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft A) may affect the ability of the postsynaptic membrane to generate action potentials. B) generates local potentials in the presynaptic terminal. C) is necessary for synaptic transmission. D) may lead to action potentials. E) may stop exocytosis.

Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors) A) prevent synaptic transmission. B) enhance the breakdown of norepinephrine. C) enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors. D) prevent the release of norepinephrine by the presynaptic terminal. E) have no effect on the action of norepinephrine.

Receptor molecules in synapses A) tend to concentrate on presynaptic terminals. B) bind irreversibly with neurotransmitter. C) have a high degree of specificity. D) serve as channel proteins. E) can bind to any molecule in the synapse.

Receptor molecules A) are nonspecific. B) are always lipids. C) attach to the synaptic cleft. D) determine whether a neurotransmitter will be excitatory or inhibitory. E) are not attached to ligand-gated channels.

A neuromodulator A) acts as a neurotransmitter. B) inactivates neurotransmitters. C) is a receptor site for a neurotransmitter. D) has no influence on the amount of neurotransmitter released. E) is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.

When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to sodium ions, A) the membrane will be hyperpolarized. B) more chloride ions will also diffuse into the cell. C) an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result. D) the membrane will become impermeable to potassium ions. E) the sodium ions diffuse out of the cell.

The same neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic cell but produces a variety of different effects. What does this mean? A) The postsynaptic cell is expressing different types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter. B) The strength of the neurotransmitter varies. C) The amount of neurotransmitter released produces varying effects. D) The size of the postsynaptic cell makes a difference in neurotransmitter effects. E) The neuron must be dying.

The function of acetylcholinesterase is to A) open voltage-gated sodium gates. B) breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse. C) produce an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane. D) metabolize norepinephrine.

Action potentials at a chemical synapse A) travel from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane. B) travel from postsynaptic membrane to presynaptic terminal. C) travel back and forth from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane. D) travel from presynaptic terminal to presynaptic membrane. E) stop at the presynaptic terminal and are regenerated on the postsynaptic membrane.

What ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles? A) chloride B) sodium C) potassium D) calcium

What is the only neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction? A) serotonin B) acetylcholine C) dopamine D) glutamate

What inhibitory neurotransmitter is blocked in strychnine poisoning? A) glycine B) acetylcholine C) glutamate D) adenosine

Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction by prolonging the effects of _____ on blood vessels. A) substance P B) dopamine C) GABA D) nitric oxide (NO)

A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would A) enhance transmission across the synapse. B) reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse. C) have no effect on transmission across the synapse. D) alter receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. E) increase exocytosis.

A person who has seizures might have a deficit of which of the following? A) GABA B) dopamine C) glutamate D) serotonin E) histamine

In an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential), there is a A) net movement of sodium ions out of the cells. B) net movement of chloride ions into the cells. C) decrease in action potential amplitude. D) local hyperpolarization. E) local depolarization.

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) can result from the A) influx of calcium ions. B) influx of sodium ions. C) influx of chloride. D) outflow of potassium ions. E) either influx of chloride or outflow of potassium ions.

Enkephalins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of enkephalins will A) increase awareness of pain. B) decrease awareness of pain. C) increase amount of pain. D) decrease amount of pain. E) have no effect on awareness or amount of pain.

A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+ ions. The use of this anesthetic will A) block sensory input into the CNS. B) enhance the development of EPSPs. C) cause RMP to move closer to threshold. D) cause Cl- ions to enter cells instead of Na+ ions. E) depolarize the cell.

An IPSP is inhibitory because it A) changes the threshold of the neuron. B) hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. C) prevents Ca²⁺ entry into the presynaptic terminal. D) reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal. E) depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.

When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron, A) the direction of the action potential is reversed. B) temporal summation occurs. C) spatial summation occurs. D) hyperpolarization occurs. E) threshold is never reached.

If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur? A) The direction of the action potential is reversed. B) Temporal summation occurs. C) Spatial summation occurs. D) Hyperpolarization occurs. E) Depolarization always occurs.

Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron? A) the kind of neuron involved B) the size of the neuron involved C) whether the neuron is myelinated or non-myelinated D) the number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs E) This situation is not possible in humans.

When two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a(n) _______ pathway is formed. A) convergent B) divergent C) reverberating D) somatic E) sensory

Sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. These interneurons synapse with motor neurons leading back to an effector and ascending neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. This is an example of a(n) _____ pathway. A) convergent B) divergent C) reverberating D) sensory E) bifurcated

Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form A) neuromotor junctions. B) temporal circuits. C) reverberating circuits. D) spatial pathways.

Identify structure "A" on the neuron. A) Schwann cell B) Node of Ranvier C) neuron cell body (soma) D) dendrites E) axon

Identify structure "B" on the neuron. A) Schwann cell B) Node of Ranvier C) neuron cell body (soma) D) dendrites E) axon

Identify structure "C" on the neuron. A) Schwann cell B) Node of Ranvier C) neuron cell body (soma) D) dendrites E) axon

Identify structure "D" on the neuron. A) Schwann cell B) Node of Ranvier C) neuron cell body (soma) D) dendrites E) axon

Identify structure "E" on the neuron. A) Schwann cell B) Node of Ranvier C) neuron cell body (soma) D) dendrites E) axon

The figure illustrates the Action Potential. What does "A" represent? A) repolarization B) depolarization C) local potential D) threshold E) afterpotential

The figure illustrates the Action Potential. What does "B" represent? A) repolarization B) depolarization C) local potential D) threshold E) afterpotential

The figure illustrates the Action Potential. What does "C" represent? A) repolarization B) depolarization C) local potential D) threshold E) afterpotential

The figure illustrates the Action Potential. What does "D" represent? A) repolarization B) depolarization C) local potential D) threshold E) afterpotential

The figure illustrates the Action Potential. What does "E" represent? A) repolarization B) depolarization C) local potential D) threshold E) afterpotential

The figure is a process figure of the chemical synapse. What does "A" represent? A) postsynaptic membrane B) synaptic cleft C) synaptic vesicle D) voltage-gated calcium channel E) presynaptic terminal

The figure is a process figure of the chemical synapse. What does "B" represent? A) postsynaptic membrane B) synaptic cleft C) synaptic vesicle D) voltage-gated calcium channel E) presynaptic terminal

The figure is a process figure of the chemical synapse. What does "C" represent? A) postsynaptic membrane B) synaptic cleft C) synaptic vesicle D) voltage-gated calcium channel E) presynaptic terminal

The figure is a process figure of the chemical synapse. What does "D" represent? A) postsynaptic membrane B) synaptic cleft C) synaptic vesicle D) voltage-gated calcium channel E) presynaptic terminal

The figure is a process figure of the chemical synapse. What does "E" represent? A) postsynaptic membrane B) synaptic cleft C) synaptic vesicle D) voltage-gated calcium channel E) presynaptic terminal

Match the following concerning concentration differences across the plasma membrane. A. concentration of potassium B. concentration of sodium and chloride C. negatively charged proteins D. sodium/potassium pump E. plasma membrane is more permeable to this ion because of leak ion channels -large molecules trapped inside cell

Match the following concerning concentration differences across the plasma membrane. A. concentration of potassium B. concentration of sodium and chloride C. negatively charged proteins D. sodium/potassium pump E. plasma membrane is more permeable to this ion because of leak ion channels -requires ATP

Match the following concerning concentration differences across the plasma membrane. A. concentration of potassium B. concentration of sodium and chloride C. negatively charged proteins D. sodium/potassium pump E. plasma membrane is more permeable to this ion because of leak ion channels -higher inside cell

Match the following concerning concentration differences across the plasma membrane. A. concentration of potassium B. concentration of sodium and chloride C. negatively charged proteins D. sodium/potassium pump E. plasma membrane is more permeable to this ion because of leak ion channels -higher outside cell

Match the following concerning concentration differences across the plasma membrane. A. concentration of potassium B. concentration of sodium and chloride C. negatively charged proteins D. sodium/potassium pump E. plasma membrane is more permeable to this ion because of leak ion channels -postassium ions

Match the term with the correct definition. A. a small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. a charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. a larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. membrane becomes more positive when sodium ions diffuse into cell E. return to the resting membrane potential -depolarization

Match the term with the correct definition. A. a small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. a charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. a larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. membrane becomes more positive when sodium ions diffuse into cell E. return to the resting membrane potential -Resting Membrane Potential

Match the term with the correct definition. A. a small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. a charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. a larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. membrane becomes more positive when sodium ions diffuse into cell E. return to the resting membrane potential -Action Potential

Match the term with the correct definition. A. a small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. a charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. a larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. membrane becomes more positive when sodium ions diffuse into cell E. return to the resting membrane potential -repolarization

Match the term with the correct definition. A. a small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. a charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. a larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. membrane becomes more positive when sodium ions diffuse into cell E. return to the resting membrane potential -Local Potential

Match the neuroglial cell with its function. A. influence function of blood-brain barrier B. macrophages in CNS C. produce cerebrospinal fluid D. form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS -microglia

Match the neuroglial cell with its function. A. influence function of blood-brain barrier B. macrophages in CNS C. produce cerebrospinal fluid D. form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS -Schwann cell

Match the neuroglial cell with its function. A. influence function of blood-brain barrier B. macrophages in CNS C. produce cerebrospinal fluid D. form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS -oligodendrocyte

Match the neuroglial cell with its function. A. influence function of blood-brain barrier B. macrophages in CNS C. produce cerebrospinal fluid D. form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS -astrocytes

Match the neuroglial cell with its function. A. influence function of blood-brain barrier B. macrophages in CNS C. produce cerebrospinal fluid D. form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS -ependymal cells

The nervous system has two subdivisions - the central nervous system and the ____________ nervous system. peripheral

____________ are collections of neuron cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system. ganglia

Nerve fibers are also called ____________. axons

____________ are processes that conduct electric signals toward the cell body. dendrites

A neuron with several dendrites and a single axon would be called a ____________ neuron. multipolar

Most unipolar neurons are ____________ neurons. sensory

____________ are neuroglia cells that are macrophages. microglia

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ____________ cells. ependymal

Action potentials are conducted rapidly from one node of Ranvier to the next in a process called ____________ conduction. saltatory

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in A) terminal boutons. B) axons. C) dendrites. D) cell bodies or soma. E) node of Ranvier.

The division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits electrical impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS is the division of the peripheral nervous system transmits electrical impulses from the CNS toward muscles and glands.

The division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses towards cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands is the nervous system.

Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter. A) Gray matter consists of bundles of axons and white matter consists of groups of cell bodies and dendrites. B) Gray matter consists of all parts of neurons and white matter is mostly glial cells. C) Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons

The gray matter of the cerebrum is composed of neuron cell bodies and makes up both the ______ and the ______. A) cortex ; deep cerebral nuclei B) cerebral tracts ; cortex C) cortex ; white matter

Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as ______ matter. A) white B) light C) gray D) dark

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the ______. A) maximum potential B) spike potential C) threshold D) resting membrane potential

Identify the correct sequence of information in a chemical synapse. A) Postsynaptic membrane; synaptic cleft; presynaptic terminal B) Synaptic cleft; presynaptic terminal; postsynaptic membrane C) Presynaptic terminal; postsynaptic membrane; synaptic cleft D) Presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane

Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called ______ synapses. A) chemical B) electrical

Compounds classified as ______ alter synaptic transmission by changing neurotransmitter receptor numbers or affecting the breakdown and/or removal of neurotransmitter. A) excitatory neurotransmitters B) neurohormones C) neuromodulators D) inhibitory neurotrasnmitters

When a neuron releases a neuromodulator that _____ the release of neurotransmitters from another neuron, this is called presynaptic facilitation. A) decreases B) increases

When a neuron releases a neuromodulator that _____ the release of neurotransmitters from another neuron, this is called presynaptic facilitation. A) summation B) divergence C) inhibition D) facilitation E) convergence

The respiratory center of the brain (taking into account input from chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors and higher centers of the brain to determine respiratory output) is an example of a ______ circuit. A) parallel after-discharge B) reverberating C) converging D) diverging

Which type of circuit is associated with complex neuronal processes, such as solving mathematical equations? A) reverberating B) converging C) parallel after-discharge D) diverging

Identify the type of synapse that includes a presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell. A) direct B) indirect C) neurotransmitter D) electrical E) chemical

The nervous system and the endocrine system are the major control systems of the body.