Question 1

Research by Meltzoff and colleagues indicates that very young children are able to learn from what kinds of models?
A)adults but not children
B)children but not adults
C)both children and adults
D)neither children nor adults

Accepted Answer

Research by Meltzoff and colleagues indicates that very young children are able to learn from both children and adults.

Question 2

Two infants of different ages, Diego and Hannah, are tested with the preferential-looking technique to determine their visual acuity. A series of black and white striped patterns are presented individually next to a grey square. Diego can distinguish stripes that are narrower than the stripes Hannah can distinguish. Compared with Hannah, Diego has
A)a smaller retina.
B)better object segregation.
C)more cones.
D)better contrast sensitivity.

Accepted Answer

Diego's ability to distinguish narrower stripes indicates he has better contrast sensitivity, which is the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas.

Question 3

Pictorial cues are also referred to as _____ depth cues.
A)perceptive
B)binocular
C)stereotypical
D)monocular

Accepted Answer

Pictorial cues are monocular depth cues, meaning they can be perceived with only one eye. Examples of pictorial cues include overlap, size, linear perspective, and texture gradient.

Question 4

Which statement about self-locomotion is NOT true?
A)All infants begin self-locomotion with belly crawling.
B)Infants typically begin to walk independently at approximately 11 to 12 months.
C)Most belly crawlers shift to hands-and-knees crawling.
D)Infants adjust their mode of self-locomotion according to their perception of the surface.

Accepted Answer

Not all infants begin self-locomotion with belly crawling. Some infants skip belly crawling altogether and start with hands-and-knees crawling or even walking directly.

Question 5

Rebecca suffers from strabismus and as an adult experiences pervasive challenges in binocular vision. By what age could she have received treatment that would have been effective in treating the disorder?
A)6 months
B)1 year
C)2 years
D)3 years

Accepted Answer

Treatment for strabismus is most effective if started before the age of 3 years old. At this age, the brain is still developing and can adapt to changes in binocular vision. Since Rebecca is an adult and experiences pervasive challenges in binocular vision, it is likely that she did not receive effective treatment at a younger age.

Question 6

Piaget developed his concept of object permanence by observing young
A)infants' expectation that objects continue to exist even when hidden.
B)infants' failure to search for hidden objects.
C)children's expectation that objects continue to exist even when hidden.
D)children's failure to attempt to move permanently attached objects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Piaget developed his concept of object permanence...

Question 7

Young children who are given the opportunity for increased self-directed visual experiences also experience a(n)
A)increase in their vocabularies.
B)increase in their motor skill progression.
C)decrease in self-locomotion.
D)decrease in visual perception.

Accepted Answer

Young children who are given the opportunity for increased self-directed visual experiences often experience an increase in their vocabularies because these experiences can help them learn and name new objects, actions, and concepts.

Question 8

Which theme has been contentious within developmental psychology since the inception of the field?
A)nature versus nurture
B)continuity versus discontinuity
C)stability versus instability
D)active versus passivity

Accepted Answer

The debate of whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) plays a larger role in shaping human development has been a central and divisive theme in developmental psychology since its beginnings. While there is now a growing consensus that both nature and nurture interact and influence development, the debate continues and remains a contentious issue in the field.

Question 9

An infant's sibling always jumps off his bed with a loud bang after he wakes up from his nap. He then comes downstairs and greets the infant with a tickle, making the infant laugh and cough reflexively. Eventually, the infant begins to laugh and cough reflexively when he hears the bang, even before he sees his brother. In this scenario, the loud bang is a(n)
A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The loud bang is a conditioned stimulus because the infant has learned to associate it with the subsequent tickling, which causes the laughter and coughing reflex.

Question 10

This is a dramatic demonstration of auditory-visual blending.
A)the McGurk effect
B)contrast sensitivity
C)visual scanning
D)perceptual constancy

Accepted Answer

The McGurk effect is a phenomenon where what an individual hears is influenced by what they see. It results in auditory-visual blending, where the perception of sounds is altered by the visual information that accompanies it. It is a dramatic demonstration of how our senses can work together to create our perception of the world around us.

Question 11

Experience shapes preference for
A)own-race faces over other-race faces.
B)top-heavy stimuli over bottom-heavy stimuli.
C)attractive faces over unattractive faces.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experience shapes preference for
A)own-race faces over other-race...

Question 12

These early researchers concluded that infants' motor development was governed by brain maturation.
A)Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson
B)Abraham Maslow and Sigmund Freud
C)Arnold Gesell and Myrtle McGraw
D)Mary Ainsworth and Sigmund Freud

Accepted Answer

Arnold Gesell and Myrtle McGraw were developmental psychologists who conducted early research on infant motor development and concluded that it was primarily caused by brain maturation. Piaget and Erikson were more focused on cognitive and social-emotional development, while Maslow and Freud were not developmental psychologists. Ainsworth also did not focus on motor development in her research.

Question 13

To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between a square of uniform colour and a square with a pattern on it, a researcher displays the two squares side by side. The researcher records the number of seconds infants look at each square. This method is called the _____ technique.
A)habituation
B)preferential-looking
C)contrast-sensitivity
D)pattern-recognition

Accepted Answer

The preferential-looking technique involves presenting infants with two stimuli and measuring the time they spend looking at each to determine their preference or ability to distinguish between them.

Question 14

By _____, toddlers are as good at learning labels from objects via video chat as they are from in-person interactions.
A)6 months
B)12 months
C)2 years
D)3 years

Accepted Answer

By the age of 2 years, toddlers have developed sufficiently to learn labels from objects via video chat almost as effectively as they do from in-person interactions. This reflects their growing cognitive and social abilities, allowing them to engage with and learn from digital interactions.

Question 15

Research on the music perception of infants has NOT demonstrated that North American infants
A)have preferences for some musical sounds over others.
B)can remember the key of songs they have heard previously.
C)are able to perceive note changes that adults are unable to perceive.
D)are less able to detect changes in complex rhythm than are adults.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants are capable of perceiving note changes and have preferences for certain musical sounds over others. They are also able to remember the key of songs they have heard previously. However, they may have difficulty detecting changes in complex rhythm compared to adults.

Question 16

Infants can detect changes in music that adults cannot. This phenomenon is thought to demonstrate
A)perceptual narrowing.
B)sensory decay.
C)perceptual decline.
D)sensory contraction.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual narrowing is a developmental process where infants can initially perceive a wide range of stimuli, but over time, their perception becomes more specialized and attuned to the stimuli they are most frequently exposed to, such as the sounds of their native language or music. This allows infants to detect changes in music that adults, who have undergone perceptual narrowing, cannot.

Question 17

Infant pre-reaching movements generally emerge before _____ months of age.
A)2 to 3
B)3 to 4
C)4 to 5
D)5 to 6

Accepted Answer

The answer of Infant pre-reaching movements generally emerge before _____...

Question 18

The "visual cliff" was designed to evaluate
A)self-locomotion skills.
B)depth perception.
C)scale errors.
D)stereopsis.

Accepted Answer

The visual cliff was specifically designed to evaluate depth perception in infants and animals by creating an illusion of a dangerous, deep drop-off that requires perception of depth to avoid. It does not address self-locomotion skills, scale errors or stereopsis.

Question 19

_____ drives the other-race effect in infants.
A)Frequent exposure to faces of a similar race
B)The race of the infant
C)The inherent racism of the infant
D)Minimal exposure to faces of a similar race

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that frequent exposure to faces of a similar race can drive the other-race effect in infants. This means that infants are more likely to recognize and distinguish between faces of individuals from their own race as opposed to individuals from a different race. This effect can be seen as early as 3 months of age.

Question 20

The result that infants of depressed mothers tend to smile less than do other infants is thought to be caused, at least in part, by
A)operant conditioning.
B)statistical learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)habituation.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning explains this phenomenon because infants receive less positive reinforcement (e.g., smiles, attention) from their depressed mothers for their own smiling behavior, leading to a decrease in the infants' smiling.

Quiz 5: Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy

Research by Meltzoff and colleagues indicates that very young children are able to learn from what kinds of models?

Pictorial cues are also referred to as _____ depth cues.

Which statement about self-locomotion is NOT true?

Rebecca suffers from strabismus and as an adult experiences pervasive challenges in binocular vision. By what age could she have received treatment that would have been effective in treating the disorder?

Piaget developed his concept of object permanence by observing young

Young children who are given the opportunity for increased self-directed visual experiences also experience a(n)

Which theme has been contentious within developmental psychology since the inception of the field?

This is a dramatic demonstration of auditory-visual blending.

Experience shapes preference for

These early researchers concluded that infants' motor development was governed by brain maturation.

To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between a square of uniform colour and a square with a pattern on it, a researcher displays the two squares side by side. The researcher records the number of seconds infants look at each square. This method is called the _____ technique.

By _____, toddlers are as good at learning labels from objects via video chat as they are from in-person interactions.

Research on the music perception of infants has NOT demonstrated that North American infants

Infants can detect changes in music that adults cannot. This phenomenon is thought to demonstrate

Infant pre-reaching movements generally emerge before _____ months of age.

The "visual cliff" was designed to evaluate

_____ drives the other-race effect in infants.

The result that infants of depressed mothers tend to smile less than do other infants is thought to be caused, at least in part, by