Quiz 8: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Which factor is NOT a plausible explanation for the Flynn effect? A)increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving B)increased exposure to new technologies C)improvements in the lives of low-income families D)deterioration in educational opportunities for middle-class families

Sternberg's theory of intelligence does NOT include _____ abilities. A)practical B)creative C)analytic D)mental health

Intelligence is viewed as a(n) _____ to think and learn, and any measure of intelligence must be _____. A)invisible capacity; based on observable behaviour B)obvious ability; covert C)learned ability; observational D)genetic ability; empirical

Which piece of advice would be MOST beneficial for low-income parents who want to help their preschooler become a better reader? A)Read to your child at least twice each week. B)When you read to your child, read slowly and methodically. C)Stick to picture-only books; wait to introduce books with words until your child demonstrates a basic awareness of written words. D)Ask your child questions about the stories, and relate the content of the books to the child's own experiences.

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as _____ intelligence. A)fluid B)general C)practical D)crystallized

Which advice would be BEST to give to the parents of a preschooler who want to help their child become a better reader in elementary school? A)Teach your child to break words into their component sounds. B)Teach your child that words have spaces between them and that reading is done from left to right. C)Teach your child to identify all letters of the alphabet. D)Allow your child to explore a variety of books on his or her own.

Reading comprehension is NOT influenced by A)children's content knowledge. B)the amount of reading children do. C)the amount parents read to children as preschoolers. D)interpersonal intelligence.

Between 5% and 8% of children perform so poorly in math that they are classified as having A)mathematics anxiety. B)mathematics disability. C)limited executive function. D)dyslexia.

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families? A)For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics. B)For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than is the influence of the shared environment. C)For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families. D)For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

Stan is taking the WISC-V and is asked, "How are a mountain and a river alike?" Which subtest does this question assess? A)verbal comprehension B)visual-spatial processing C)fluid reasoning D)working memory

Martin is majoring in political science. He probably has a high level of _____ intelligence. A)naturalistic B)bodily-kinesthetic C)intrapersonal D)interpersonal

Playing video games has been associated with improvement in all of these EXCEPT A)executive functioning. B)problem-solving skills. C)reading skills. D)general intelligence.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the genetic component of intelligence? A)There is one major gene that contributes to intelligence. B)There are a small number of mastery genes that contribute to intelligence. C)There are many different genes that contribute to and interact to contribute to intelligence. D)There is no genetic component related to intelligence.

Crystallized intelligence refers to A)the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks. B)factual knowledge about the world. C)the ability to think on the spot. D)individuals' memory span.

Children use _____ to choose between phonological recoding and visually based retrieval. A)a strategy-choice process B)knowledge of strategic decisions C)a decision-rule process D)comprehension monitoring

Which skill makes learning to write particularly difficult compared with learning to read? A)necessity of content knowledge B)metacognitive understanding C)meeting both low-level and high-level goals D)necessity of basic capacities

Visually based retrieval is a method used to A)identify words. B)decode words. C)match letters to their sounds. D)solve a problem.

A meta-analysis of studies on the relation between IQ and total number of years of formal education indicated that an extra year attending school increases IQ scores by _____ points. A)2 B)3 to 6 C)7 D)1 to 5

_____ effects of the genotype emerge through children influencing other people's behaviours. A)Passive B)Evocative C)Interactive D)Active

When asked what she would like to be when she grows up, Samantha says a novelist. She is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence. A)naturalistic B)bodily-kinesthetic C)intrapersonal D)interpersonal

To facilitate children's physical growth, the Aboriginal Head Start Program in Urban and Northern Communities provides A)maternal vocational training. B)nutritional resources. C)stimulating day-care environment. D)marriage counselling.

Binet's approach to intelligence has persuaded the field of child development to A)concentrate on the effect of race on intelligence. B)examine age-related changes more carefully. C)study the influences of nature versus nurture. D)focus on individual differences.

To be very successful at comprehending what they are reading, children do NOT need to be able to A)quickly identify words. B)form a mental model of the idea being depicted in the text. C)monitor their comprehension. D)possess multiple intelligences.

The historical rise in IQ scores may reflect increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving and reasoning. Which statement would support this view? A)Scores on tests of fluid intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence. B)Scores on tests of mathematical reasoning have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence. C)Scores on tests of crystalized intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence. D)Scores on tests of general intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.

The likelihood of using visually based retrieval increases when A)the words are longer. B)children become stronger at phonological recoding. C)children are reading easy words. D)the words are less regular in their letter-sound correspondences.

Mathematical equality refers to the A)concept that the values on the two sides of an equal sign must balance. B)equivalent solutions generated by multiple accurate strategies. C)fact that good math students and perfectionists are equally accurate. D)procedure for selecting amongst alternative ways to solve a problem.

A composer is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence. A)linguistic B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)musical

Crystallized intelligence includes which skill? A)speed of neural transmission in the brain B)ability to determine the next item in a sequence C)knowledge of the periodic table D)capacity to solve novel puzzles

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of A)fluid and crystallized intelligence. B)eight intelligences. C)a hierarchy of g, abilities, and processes. D)primary mental abilities.

Amber is taking the WISC-V and is asked to "pick an object from each pair to make a group of objects that go together." Which subtest does this question assess? A)verbal comprehension B)visual-spatial processing C)fluid reasoning D)working memory

The existence of prodigies such as Mozart is evidence of the theory of intelligence developed by which scholar? A)Gardner B)Sternberg C)Binet D)Carroll

How do educational experiences have a positive effect on IQ scores? A)As education level increase, general intelligence scores decrease. B)Educational experiences increase general intelligence. C)Education increases specific cognitive skills measured on IQ tests. D)Education has no positive effect on IQ scores.

The acquisition of phonological recoding skills would enable a learner to A)understand that the word at has both the /a/ sound and the /t/ sound. B)fluently read the sentence "See the cat." C)sound out the word cat. D)learn about the features of a cat from a sentence he or she reads about cats.

Which statement about Project Head Start is TRUE? A)Participants show lasting gains in intellectual performance. B)Participants show higher math skills at the end of the program. C)Participants are more likely than are nonparticipants of similar backgrounds to enrol in college. D)There are no long-term effects of participating in the program.

Children with dyslexia have problems with reading due primarily to weakness in A)phonological processing. B)comprehension. C)strategy-choice process. D)letter recognition.

Carroll proposed the _____ theory of intelligence. A)multiple intelligences B)primary mental abilities C)g D)three-stratum

The fact that children can influence the behaviour of other people demonstrates _____ effects on intelligence. A)passive B)evocative C)interactive D)active

Sternberg's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence A)includes varied intelligences, from linguistic and spatial to interpersonal and intrapersonal. B)involves the ability to achieve success in life. C)is composed of only a single, general intelligence. D)is immutable.

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that A)IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied. B)regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed. C)other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success. D)people with comparable IQ scores tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education.

The few studies that have examined the association between HOME scores and children's IQ scores in adoptive families have indicated that the associations for children who are adopted are _____ the associations found with children living with their biological parents. A)lower than B)exactly the same as C)almost the same as D)greater than

IQ calculation relies on the fact that intelligence scores fall into what type of distribution? A)normal B)standard deviated C)skewed D)double-mean

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to _____. A)remain constant while those of high-SES children rise; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise B)rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant C)remain constant while those of high-SES children rise; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant D)rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

Practical intelligence refers to A)the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously. B)the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks. C)factual knowledge about the world. D)mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests.

Which factor is NOT on Sameroff's environmental risk scale? A)being a member of a visible minority B)negative mother-child interactions C)having no father or stepfather at home D)maternal mental health problems

When asked to solve the problem 6 × 3 = ? × 2, Arianna answers, "Eighteen." She probably does NOT yet have the concept of A)multiplication. B)division. C)mathematical equality. D)generational integers.

The uncertainty about the causal nature of the association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores is founded on the possibility of which type of gene-environment relations? A)active B)passive C)evocative D)inductive

Who developed the multiple intelligences theory? A)Binet B)Sameroff C)Simon D)Gardner

Sean is in kindergarten and has advanced reading skills for his age. During which stage of school is he likely to be a better reader than are his peers? A)elementary school B)middle school C)high school D)elementary, middle, and high school

The differing relations between shared environments and genetics amongst richer and poorer families have not been found in any country EXCEPT A)Great Britain. B)Germany. C)Sweden. D)the United States.

Which subject evokes the MOST anxiety amongst students? A)reading B)writing C)mathematics D)science

Mr. Smith is a farmer. Which type of intelligence would he likely demonstrate, according to Gardner? A)intrapersonal B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)naturalistic

Intelligence tests are BEST used with children who are at least _____ old. A)6 months B)5 years C)2 years D)10 years

Which factor is NOT involved in the association between poverty and impaired intellectual growth? A)diet B)level of intellectual stimulation C)gender D)level of emotional support

_____ is NOT an example of the metacognitive knowledge that plays a role in writing. A)Recognizing that readers may not have the same knowledge as the writer B)Continuously updating one's understanding of the verbal description C)Understanding the need to plan D)Understanding the need for revision

Which piece of evidence does NOT support the existence of g? A)Some tests of intelligence increase steadily with age, whereas others do not. B)Overall scores on intelligence tests correlate positively with achievement test scores. C)Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school. D)Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.

Which statement is TRUE? A)Attending school makes children smarter. B)Intelligence differences amongst elementary school children can best be explained by age differences. C)Minimal cognitive skills are measured in IQ tests. D)Education increases general intelligence.

Michael has always been a farmer. He is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence. A)naturalistic B)bodily-kinesthetic C)intrapersonal D)interpersonal

According to the text, of grade 4 students with poor word-identification skills, _____ said they would rather clean their rooms than read. A)10% B)25% C)40% D)65%

Which statement supports the distinction between fluid and crystalized intelligence? A)Knowledge of word meanings is correlated with knowledge of arithmetic problems to a higher degree than to speed of information processing. B)Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school. C)Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks. D)Speed of neural transmission is positively correlated with brain volume.

Which ability is NOT a component of self-discipline? A)ability to read others' intentions B)ability to follow rules C)ability to avoid impulsive reactions D)ability to inhibit actions

The likelihood of using phonological recoding increases when A)the words are shorter. B)children become stronger at this skill. C)children become bored with reading. D)the words are less regular in their letter sound correspondences.

Which statement(s) about the effects of IQ score and years of education on amount of money earned is TRUE? Statement A: Amongst people with comparable IQ scores, those who complete more years of education earn more money. Statement B: Amongst people with the same level of education, people with higher IQ scores earn more money. A)statement A only B)statement B only C)both statement A and statement B D)neither statement A nor statement B

Which statement is TRUE regarding socioeconomic status and education? A)Fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement. B)Children from high-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from low-SES families. C)Fewer children from middle-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement. D)Children from low-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from middle-SES families.

Mental models of the sizes of numbers are referred to as A)numerical magnitude representations. B)symbolic numerical magnitudes. C)mathematical equality estimates. D)visually based representations.

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. The _____ process proposed by Scarr is NOT relevant for children who are adopted outside their biological family. A)active B)passive C)evocative D)inductive

The genetic component of intelligence becomes larger during A)prenatal development. B)infancy. C)childhood. D)adolescence and adulthood.

Of these pairs of ages, the correlation between IQ score at one age and IQ score at the later age is HIGHEST for which pair? A)3 years and 5 years B)7 years and 9 years C)5 years and 10 years D)8 years and 9 years

Numerical magnitude representations are NOT required for A)comprehending that 10 represents more of something than does 8. B)knowing whether 6 or 9 indicates a greater number of objects. C)correctly estimating where 700 is on a number line from 1 to 1000. D)understanding that the written word three represents three objects.

Sternberg is the founder of which theory of intelligence? A)multiple intelligences B)theory of successful intelligence C)g D)three-stratum

Which word is a child LEAST likely to use phonological recoding to read? A)the B)kind C)yellow D)planet

The multiple intelligences theory does NOT include _____ intelligence. A)logical-mathematical B)musical C)naturalistic D)emotional

The process of keeping track of one's own understanding of text is referred to as A)mental modelling. B)comprehension monitoring. C)the strategy-choice process. D)phonological processing.

Binet postulated that intelligence A)consists of factual knowledge about the world. B)develops with age, and thus there are few differences amongst same-age individuals. C)is composed of high-level abilities. D)is not associated with everyday matters, such as school performance.

Which test is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment? A)Simon-Binet B)WISC C)HOME D)QFE

Which statement about the association between the intellectual quality of the family environment and children's IQ scores is NOT true? A)There is a confirmed causal relation between the intellectual quality of the family environment and IQ score. B)IQ score is positively correlated with the intellectual quality of the family environment throughout childhood. C)The intellectual quality of the family environment at an early age is associated with IQ score at a later age. D)If the intellectual quality of the family environment decreases, IQ score tends to decrease as well.

The arithmetic strategy of recalling answers from memory is MOST similar to A)mental modelling. B)phonological recoding. C)visually based retrieval. D)the strategy choice process.

The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as _____ intelligence. A)fluid B)practical C)crystallized D)general

Mandi scored high on measures of mathematical ability and also scored high on measures of reasoning ability. Her scores lend support for the A)view of a general intelligence. B)idea that fluid intelligence is the basis for all cognitive tasks. C)idea of separate intelligences. D)belief that crystallized intelligence is the main component of intelligence.

In the past _____, Project Head Start provided a wide range of services to more than 36 million children in the United States. A)10 years B)30 years C)50 years D)100 years

Which arithmetic strategy is typically the FASTEST? A)decomposition B)retrieval C)counting from 1 D)counting from the larger addend

IQ score is NOT a strong predictor of success in the _____ domain. A)economic B)occupational C)academic D)social

The MOST commonly used intelligence test for children age 6 and older is the A)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test for Children. B)Binet-Simon Intelligence Test. C)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. D)Thurstone Intelligence Test.

Which word is a child MOST likely to use visually based retrieval to read? A)she B)they C)somebody D)jacket

Kayla is a ballerina. She is MOST likely to have high levels of _____ intelligence. A)naturalistic B)bodily-kinesthetic C)intrapersonal D)interpersonal

Which child is probably the BEST at comprehending what he reads? A)Abraham, who rereads passages he does not understand B)Brian, who spends a great deal of cognitive resources on sounding words out C)Carlos, who reads all material quickly D)Drew, who reads infrequently

The multiple intelligences theory is supported by studies of A)patients with brain damage. B)prodigies. C)patients with brain damage and prodigies. D)neither patients with brain damage nor prodigies.

Children in _____ do NOT acquire greater mathematical proficiency than do children in high-achieving European countries. A)China B)Japan C)the United States D)South Korea

Which sequence lists Chall's stages of reading development in the CORRECT chronological order? A)coordinating multiple perspectives, fluency in reading simple material, phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, acquiring information from print B)phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, coordinating multiple perspectives, fluency in reading simple material, acquiring information from print C)phonemic awareness, fluency in reading simple material, phonological recoding skills, coordinating multiple perspectives, acquiring information from print D)phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, fluency in reading simple material, acquiring information from print, coordinating multiple perspectives

Bradley is taking the WISC-V and is given several blocks. He is asked to make the blocks look exactly like a picture he is shown. Which subtest does this question assess? A)verbal comprehension B)visual-spatial processing C)fluid reasoning D)working memory

Which of these is NOT a subtest of the WISC-V? A)verbal comprehension B)visual-spatial processing C)fluid reasoning D)naturalistic intelligence

As children use counting strategies more frequently, they become A)more likely to use retrieval. B)less accurate. C)more likely to become frustrated. D)more likely to use counting from 1.

The Abecedarian project was based on all of these EXCEPT A)limiting exposure to new skills. B)encouraging exploration. C)mentoring basic skills. D)celebrating developmental advances.

Which word is a child LEAST likely to use visually based retrieval to read? A)cat B)mommy C)grandma D)boy

When asked what 3 + 2 equals, Hillary puts up three fingers of one hand and two fingers on the other hand and counts "1, 2, 3, 4, 5." Hillary has used which arithmetic strategy? A)decomposition B)retrieval C)counting from 1 D)counting from the larger addend

Which test could be given to a child to measure numerical mathematical representation? A)counting from 1 to 30 B)placing numbers on a number line C)adding 2 + 2 and 3+ 3 D)all of these

Seven abilities that were proposed by Thurstone as crucial to intelligence and cognitive functioning are referred to as A)crystallized intelligence. B)fluid intelligence. C)primary mental abilities. D)general intelligence.

Lee loves to play chess and has mastered the game. Which type of intelligence would he likely demonstrate, according to Gardner? A)intrapersonal B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)naturalistic

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that A)the number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone. B)an unemployed head of household is the strongest risk factor for low IQ. C)maternal anxiety is the strongest risk factor for low IQ. D)environmental risks have only short-term effects on children's intellectual development.

The lessening of rules in a particular family for each subsequent child is an example of the A)shared environment. B)nonshared environment. C)evocative effect. D)passive effect.

The influence of the shared environment _____ with age; the influence of the nonshared environment _____ with age. A)remains stable; increases B)decreases; increases C)increases; decreases D)decreases; remains stable

Reading comprehension and writing are NOT enhanced by A)metacognitive understanding. B)content knowledge. C)automatization. D)naturalistic intelligence.

Which statement about the Carolina Abecedarian Project is TRUE? A)The project was small in scale and aimed at providing a positive preschool experience for 3- and 4-year-old children. B)The project concentrated on children who were only slightly at risk for developmental problems, such as those in moderate levels of poverty. C)The project focused only on the participating child rather than on the entire family. D)The project demonstrated that it is possible to design interventions that have lasting effects on the intellectual development of poor children.

Which word is a child MOST likely to use phonological recoding to read? A)at B)book C)pencil D)dog

Janie, who is 3 years old, is pretending to write. Her mother asks her to write the word birds on a red piece of paper and then the word squirrel on a blue piece of paper. It is MOST likely that both papers will have some _____, and _____. A)legible letters; the red paper will have more letters than will the blue paper B)legible letters; the red and blue papers will have the same number of letters C)horizontal marks; the red paper will contain more marks than will the blue paper D)horizontal marks; the red and blue papers will contain the same number of marks

_____ is/are an example of the metacognitive understanding necessary for writing. A)Knowledge of proper spelling B)Letter formation skills C)Command of punctuation D)Appreciation for the need to plan

Which approach(es) is/are a DIRECT way of identifying words? A)both visually based retrieval and phonological recoding B)visually based retrieval C)phonological recoding D)neither visually based retrieval nor phonological recoding

Which individual is MOST likely to experience mathematics anxiety? A)Brad, who is in grade 1 B)Lee, who is in grade 7 C)Juan, who is in grade 10 D)Rebecca, who is in grade 9

Children who were administered the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test were asked to do all of these EXCEPT A)interpret proverbs. B)solve puzzles. C)sequence cartoon jokes. D)invent words.

Higher levels of mathematics anxiety are associated with A)being a boy. B)parents and teachers who are anxious about their own mathematical ability. C)lower levels of activity in particular parts of the brain when individuals are presented with mathematics problems. D)all of these.

Phoebe is in grade 8 and is 13 years, 6 months old. Nancy is also in grade 8 and is 13 years, 7 months old. Trina is in grade 9 and is 13 years, 8 months old. Research would indicate that A)Nancy's IQ score will be higher than the IQ scores of Phoebe and Trina. B)Nancy's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Trina's IQ score. C)Trina's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Nancy's IQ score. D)Nancy's IQ score will be equally close to Phoebe's and Trina's IQ scores.

Which strategy appears to be the BEST way to help the reading of children with dyslexia? A)deemphasizing letter-sound relations B)emphasizing visually based retrieval C)providing extra practice in letter sound connections D)generating alternative pronunciations of vowels when sounding out does not work

Which arithmetic strategy usually develops FIRST? A)decomposition B)retrieval C)counting from 1 D)counting from the larger addend

Phonological recoding skills involve: A)sounding out. B)visually based retrieval. C)mental model production. D)comprehension monitoring.

Playing video games appears to increase _____ intelligence. A)general B)crystallized C)fluid D)naturalistic

Which statement about tests of the intellectual achievement of affluent and poor children in various countries is TRUE? A)Affluent children in the United States score higher than do affluent children in countries with greater income equality. B)Affluent children in the United States score much lower than do affluent children in countries with greater income equality. C)Poor children in the United States score higher than do poor children in countries with greater income equality. D)Poor children in the United States score lower than do poor children in countries with greater income equality.

Which statement about individuals' intelligence tests at different ages is TRUE? A)The correlation between individuals' IQ scores at a particular age and their scores 5 years later is approximately 0.90. B)On average, individuals' IQ scores increase 13 points between age 4 and age 17. C)If intelligence tests are administered according to instructions, there should be no change in an individual's IQ score with age. D)Children who take an intelligence test at age 12 and again at age 17 show an average change, up or down, of 7 points.

Which statement is an example of an active effect of the genotype on a child's scientific understanding? A)Sally is interested in science, so she joins the science club at school. B)Gabriel loves to go to the science museum, so his parents take him often. C)Charlotte is curious about scientific phenomena, so her parents explain many scientific phenomena to her. D)Blake's parents love to read about science, so they have many science books and magazines in their home.

An individual's IQ of 92.5 indicates that he A)is more intelligent than most of his peers. B)is 1/2 a standard deviation below the mean for his age group. C)has an intelligence score higher than only 16% of his peers. D)is of average intelligence.

Karen loves to write stories and novels. She would MOST likely demonstrate which type of intelligence, according to Gardner? A)intrapersonal B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)naturalistic

Which part of the brain is activated when someone is experiencing mathematics anxiety? A)intraparietal sulcus B)amygdala C)frontal lobe D)pons

Considering the research on the influence of schooling on IQ, which statement would be the BEST advice to give to a state board of education? A)Have children start grade 1 when they are 7 years old, rather than the traditional age of 6 years. B)Allow parents to push a child ahead one or two grades if they believe the child is ready. C)Lengthen the school year by shortening summer vacation. D)Create grades 13 and 14 to extend the number of years in high school.

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs as a result of the A)child's influence over other people's behaviour. B)overlap between a child's genotype and the genotypes of his or her biological parents. C)child seeking out environments that are consistent with his or her genotype. D)adoption agency's choice of parents for a newborn.

Which factor is NOT a potential reason for mathematics anxiety? A)the unambiguous right/wrong status of answers to many mathematics problems B)the realistic peer comparisons in which many children engage C)the belief that mathematics is closely linked to intelligence D)the frustrating periods with no apparent progress in mathematics

The STRONGEST predictor of young elementary school students' ability to sound out and spell words is their kindergarten performance on measures of A)letter name knowledge. B)phonological recoding. C)phonemic awareness. D)IQ.

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that A)the fewer risks in a child's environment, the lower the child's IQ score tends to be. B)mothers' high school completion status has no impact on children's IQ score. C)environmental risks have long-term effects on children's intellectual development. D)there is more stability in children's IQ scores than in their environments.

Carroll's proposed resolution to the various theories of intelligence involves A)a focus on the differentiation between knowledge and capacity. B)a proposal to include additional abilities, such as social understanding and knowledge of one's strengths and weaknesses. C)a hierarchical model of intellectual ability and processes. D)all of these.

The Flynn effect is the A)effect of poverty on IQ score. B)influence of schooling on IQ score. C)overarching influence of g on lower mental abilities. D)increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations.

The majority of early-intervention programs in the 1960s that were designed to enhance the intellectual development of poor children A)were well-planned, large-scale programs. B)initially increased children's IQ scores substantially. C)were ineffective in preventing assignment to special-education classes and decreasing the likelihood of being held back a year in school. D)had long-term effects on IQ scores.

With age, the IQ scores of adopted children and their biological parents become _____ correlated, and the IQ scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents become _____ correlated. A)more; more B)more; less C)less; more D)less; less

A child's intelligence quotient is A)an exact measure of her general intelligence. B)an indicator of her standard deviation. C)the mean intelligence score of her age mates. D)a score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age.

The change in genetic influence on intelligence with age is a result of A)brain connections formed in adolescence. B)increasing freedom to choose one's own environments. C)brain connections formed in adolescence and increasing freedom to choose one's own environments. D)neither brain connections formed in adolescence nor increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.

Pastor Thomas would MOST likely demonstrate high levels of which type of intelligence, according to Gardner? A)interpersonal B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)naturalistic

The genetic contribution to intelligence A)remains stable across the life span. B)is strongest when individuals are young. C)becomes greater as individuals get older. D)is an artificial concept.

Sternberg's theory of intelligence views traditional theories of intelligence as A)too narrow. B)not capable of being properly measured. C)including an insufficient number of intelligences. D)including only observable behaviours.

On a typical intelligence test, a score of 130 is A)1 standard deviation below average. B)average. C)1 standard deviation above average. D)2 standard deviations above average.

Michael loves to play video games. While his parents limit his screen time due to concerns regarding video game use, Michael is likely to display improvement in all of these EXCEPT _____ as a result of playing video games. A)executive functioning B)problem-solving skills C)reading skills D)general intelligence

According to Carroll's integration of theories of intelligence, which properties influence a person's skill at a particular type of problem? A)fluid and crystallized intelligence B)g, moderately general abilities, and specific processes C)general intelligence D)primary mental abilities

_____ view of intelligence hypothesizes intelligence as comprising numerous distinct processes. A)Thurstone's B)Simon's C)The nativist D)The information-processing

Proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning is referred to as A)phonological recoding. B)phonemic awareness. C)strategy-choice process. D)visually based retrieval.

A typical sequence of actions used to organize repeated events is referred to as a A)mental model. B)script. C)strategy. D)scheme.

Poets and teachers MOST likely demonstrate which of Gardner's intelligences? A)linguistic B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)naturalistic

Practical intelligence is measured on which intelligence test? A)WISC B)Stanford-Binet C)both WISC and Stanford-Binet D)neither WISC nor Stanford-Binet

The Flynn effect is believed to be caused by A)genetics. B)changes in environment. C)the highest IQ individuals. D)gender differences.

The multiple intelligences theory includes _____ intelligence. A)interpersonal B)fluid C)rote memory D)normal

Which statement about knowledge of numerical magnitudes is NOT true? A)Older children can represent the magnitudes of larger numbers more easily than can younger children. B)Understanding of numerical magnitudes likely helps children rule out implausible answers. C)Direct instruction in the accuracy of numerical magnitude representations has little effect on arithmetic proficiency. D)Overall mathematical knowledge is related to children's knowledge of numerical magnitudes.

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. Which of Scarr's processes involves children's influence on other people's behaviour? A)active B)passive C)evocative D)inductive

Thurstone's primary mental abilities do NOT include A)verbal meaning. B)picture completion. C)spatial visualization. D)rote memory.

Intelligence can be described as A)a single trait. B)a few abilities. C)many processes. D)difficult to define.

Eric has an IQ of 100 at age 5 and an IQ of 100 at age 22. What can be said about his intelligence in comparison to others his age? A)Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as his IQ should increase with age. B)Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 5 than it is at age 22. C)Eric has become comparatively more intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 22 than it is at age 5. D)Eric's comparative intelligence has remained stable.

The WISC-V is MOST consistent with which notion of intelligence? A)intelligence as a single entity B)intelligence as a few basic abilities C)intelligence as numerous processes D)the three-stratum theory of intelligence

The perceptual-reasoning section of the WISC measures A)skill in using language. B)the ability to manipulate information in short-term memory. C)the ability to focus attention. D)spatial and logical abilities.

Janice's parents are not avid readers. However, because Janice loves books, her parents read to her every night. This demonstrates _____ effects on intelligence. A)passive B)evocative C)interactive D)active

George has been an engineer for the majority of his career. He is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence. A)linguistic B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)musical

Participation in the experimental early-intervention programs in the 1960s did NOT result in A)sustained increases in IQ scores. B)decreased use of the welfare system. C)decreased rate of assignment to special-education classes. D)rapid increases in IQ scores.

When asked to explain how they arrived at an incorrect answer to a mathematical problem, children who demonstrate gesture speech mismatches A)are more likely to be developmentally delayed. B)tend to have a heightened readiness to learn from instruction. C)have less variability in their thought than do other children. D)learn less from instruction than do children whose speech and gestures are consistent.

A poet is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence. A)linguistic B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)musical

Acquiring phonemic awareness would enable a learner to A)determine that the word cat and the word hat start with different sounds. B)match the letter c to the sound /k/ and the letter t to the sound /t/.c.sound out the word cat.d.learn about the features of a cat from a sentence he or she reads about cats.

IQ scores have been found to correlate with school grades and achievement test scores A)only at the time of testing. B)5 years later. C)unreliably. D)both at the time of testing and years later.

Which of these is NOT considered a primary mental ability? A)word fluency B)verbal meaning C)reasoning D)musical talent

Measurements of intelligence directly measure A)behaviour on tasks that require intelligence. B)the capacity to think and learn. C)both behaviour on tasks that require intelligence and capacity to think and learn. D)neither behaviour on tasks that require intelligence nor capacity to think and learn.

Which skill is NOT necessary for writing? A)accurate spelling B)use of correct punctuation C)providing necessary background information D)visually based retrieval

In regard to the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success, people high in practical intelligence tend to have A)less occupational success than do others. B)more occupational success than do others, but this effect largely disappears once IQ score is taken into account. C)more occupational success than do others, and this effect remains even once IQ score is taken into account. D)There is no association between practical intelligence and occupational success.

Of phonemic awareness and mastery of letter names, _____ is/are causally related to later reading achievement. A)neither phonemic awareness nor mastery of letter names B)both phonemic awareness and mastery of letter names C)phonemic awareness D)mastery of letter names

Which statement about HOME scores is the BEST representation of current research? A)They correlate positively with IQ score at the same age but not at a later age. B)They exert a causal influence on IQ score at the same age but not at a later age. C)They correlate positively with IQ score both at the same age and at a later age. D)They exert a causal influence on IQ score both at the same age and at a later age.

Nursery rhymes are particularly good at fostering which pre-reading skill? A)comprehension monitoring B)phonemic awareness C)understanding multiple perspectives D)learning that words have spaces between them

A scientist is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence. A)linguistic B)logical-mathematical C)spatial D)musical

With age, adopted children's IQ scores and the IQ scores of their biological parents become _____ correlated because of _____ gene-environment interactions. A)less; active and evocative B)less; passive C)more; active and evocative D)more; passive

_____ is a negative emotional state that leads to fear and avoidance of math. A)Mathematics anxiety B)Dyslexia C)Mathematics disability D)Reduced executive function

_____ is NOT a pre-reading skill. A)Phonemic awareness B)Learning the direction that words are to be read C)Phonological recoding D)Learning that words have spaces between them

Tests of fluid intelligence A)peak in old age. B)correlate more highly with tests of factual knowledge about the world than they do with the ability to draw inferences. C)include knowledge about geometric facts. D)have a different developmental course than do tests of crystallized intelligence.

Clara is taking a test and is asked to "repeat the following numbers in order." Which subtest does this question assess? A)verbal comprehension B)visual-spatial processing C)fluid reasoning D)working memory

Which factor is NOT a contributor to mathematics disability? A)mathematics anxiety B)poor working memory for numbers C)poor executive function D)damage to the amygdala

Define practical intelligence and give an example of it. Explain the relationships among practical intelligence, IQ, and occupational success.

Simone has always hated math class. She tries to avoid math if she can, putting off her homework and not studying for her math class. She doesn't think she is good at math compared to her peers. What is going on with Simone and why?

A school principal who is interested in the impact of schooling on children's IQ scores needs to acquire evidence for the relationship between schooling and intelligence. Write a brief review of the relevant research on the topic.

Think about your fellow students in high school or university. Describe two of them, one whose IQ score (at least your assumption of it) is consistent with his or her grades in the way in which you would expect, and one whose IQ score is less consistent with his or her grades. For the person whose IQ score is less consistent with his or her grades, explain the inconsistency. What other factors appear to have an influence on grades for this person?

Describe Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence. What does he propose is included in successful intelligence?

Consider the theoretical perspectives related to intelligence that have been covered in this chapter. Based on what you have reviewed, what is your own view of intelligence? Provide a detailed description of your perspective along with an argument about why your perspective is correct.

What is an IQ? Describe how IQ scores are computed. Why are IQ scores calculated in this manner? What is the advantage to this method of computation?

Describe the phenomenon known as the Flynn effect. Give a detailed explanation of why you believe this phenomenon has occurred. Are there any alternative explanations? Why or why not?

Describe the prereading skills that are associated with later reading ability. Are these prereading skills causally related to later reading ability? Explain the causal or correlational associations.

Describe the controversy about how intelligence should be defined. What resolution has been proposed by John Carroll?