Question 1

Media is located in which bioecological level?
A)exosystem
B)macrosystem
C)microsystem
D)mesosystem

Accepted Answer

Media is located in the exosystem level, which includes the external environments that have indirect but significant influences on an individual's development, such as mass media, social networks, and community organizations.

Question 2

A person who believes that intelligence is fixed is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence.
A)learning
B)entity
C)incremental
D)mastery

Accepted Answer

According to Dweck and her colleagues, a person who believes that intelligence is fixed has an entity theory of intelligence, which means they see intelligence as a stable, unchangeable trait that individuals are born with and cannot be developed or improved upon.

Question 3

During which stage does the superego develop?
A)phallic
B)latency
C)anal
D)genital

Accepted Answer

The superego develops during the phallic stage, which occurs between the ages of 3 to 6 years old. During this stage, the child begins to develop a sense of morality and conscience, and learns to identify with the same-sex parent. The superego is the part of the personality that represents internalized moral standards and values.

Question 4

Which sequence lists the stages of Freud's theory in the CORRECT developmental order?
A)anal, phallic, oral, latency, genital
B)oral, latency, genital, phallic, anal
C)genital, oral, anal, phallic, latency
D)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Accepted Answer

This is the correct order of stages in Freud's theory of psychosexual development. The oral stage occurs from birth to 1 year of age, the anal stage occurs from 1 to 3 years, the phallic stage occurs from 3 to 6 years, the latency stage occurs from 6 to puberty, and the genital stage occurs from puberty onwards.

Question 5

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. According to Skinner, which of these would be the BEST advice to give Joshua's parents if they wish to stop Joshua's screaming?
A)Give Joshua what he wants, whether or not he screams.
B)Always give Joshua what he wants when he screams.
C)Sometimes give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.
D)Never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed in the principles of operant conditioning, which involves consequences shaping behavior. If Joshua's screaming is reinforced by him getting what he wants, he will continue to scream in the future. Thus, the best option is to not give in to his demands when he screams, as this will eventually lead to the behavior extinguishing itself.

Question 6

According to Erikson, when parents support their toddlers' development of self-control without instigating a loss of self-esteem, toddlers will develop a sense of
A)industry.
B)autonomy.
C)trust.
D)initiative.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the toddler stage (ages 1-3) is characterized by the psychosocial crisis of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. If parents support their child's efforts to explore and assert their independence, while also providing appropriate limits and guidance, the child will develop a sense of autonomy - the belief that they are capable of making choices and taking actions on their own. This is important for the toddler's developing sense of self and self-esteem.

Question 7

According to Freud, if a person's fundamental needs are not met during a particular stage, the person may
A)become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage.
B)experience an identity crisis.
C)make hostile attributions.
D)develop infantile amnesia.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, if a person's physical or emotional needs are not adequately met during a particular stage, they may become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage, leading to difficulties in their later life. For example, if a child is weaned too early or too late during the oral stage, they may develop habits such as smoking or overeating in later life.

Question 8

_____ is part of the chronosystem.
A)The societal belief that men should be breadwinners
B)A father's job loss
C)The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade
D)A mother's practice of taking her daughter to work on Take Your Daughter to Work Day

Accepted Answer

The chronosystem includes the environmental changes and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances. Choice C, "The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade," reflects a sociohistorical change affecting individuals and society over time, fitting the definition of the chronosystem.

Question 9

Which of the following theories is primarily concerned with the survival value of particular behaviours?
A)social learning
B)ethological
C)psychoanalytic
D)social cognitive

Accepted Answer

Ethological theory is primarily concerned with the survival value of particular behaviours, as it focuses on the adaptive functions of behaviour in the context of the animal's environment.

Question 10

Carlos feels guilty when he disobeys his parents' rule about not eating cookies before dinner. Freud would see Carlos's guilt as a sign that he has developed a(n)
A)superego.
B)fixation.
C)id.
D)ego.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the superego develops as a result of the internalization of society's moral standards, rules, and expectations. It is responsible for making individuals feel guilty when they violate these standards, and for motivating them to behave in socially acceptable ways. In this scenario, Carlos's guilt about breaking the rule against eating cookies before dinner suggests that he has internalized this rule and has developed a functioning superego.

Question 11

According to Freud's theory, infants fear
A)delay of gratification.
B)loss of love.
C)potty training.
D)hunger.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, infants experience the fear of losing the love and affection of their primary caregiver (usually the mother), which is known as separation anxiety. This fear is a normal part of development and occurs when infants develop an attachment to their caregivers. While hunger and potty training can cause distress and anxiety for infants, they are not considered to be primary fears in Freud's theory. Delay of gratification is also not specifically mentioned as a fear in Freud's theory.

Question 12

The fourth stage in Freud's theory, which lasts from age 6 to age 12, is called the
A)phallic stage.
B)oral stage.
C)genital stage.
D)latency period.

Accepted Answer

The fourth stage in Freud's theory, which lasts from age 6 to age 12, is called the latency period. During this stage, children focus on developing social and intellectual skills as they become more involved in activities with peers and continue to develop their sense of self. This stage is characterized by a decrease in sexual and aggressive impulses, which are temporarily repressed in the unconscious. Therefore, the correct answer is (D) latency period.

Question 13

The ego is ruled by
A)the conscience.
B)reasoning and logic.
C)conscious impulses.
D)the reality principle.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ego is ruled by
A)the conscience.
B)reasoning and...

Question 14

Consistent with research on nonhuman primates and rodents, children who have been exposed to adverse rearing conditions demonstrate disruptions in their
A)hormonal systems.
B)genetic influences.
C)limbic system functions.
D)cultural influences.

Accepted Answer

Research on nonhuman primates and rodents has shown that adverse rearing conditions can lead to disruptions in the hormonal systems, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This is also true for children who have experienced adverse rearing conditions, as they may have altered cortisol levels and other hormonal imbalances.

Question 15

Evolutionary psychologists posit that parents spend the great deal of time and resources that they do in raising their children because
A)their genes will be perpetuated only if their children survive long enough to reproduce.
B)they have been socialized to do so by imitating their own parents.
C)their children's affection and attention serve as positive reinforcements.
D)their children are imprinted on them.

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychologists argue that parental investment is driven by the biological imperative to ensure the survival and reproduction of one's genes, which is achieved by raising offspring to reproductive age.

Question 16

Seth and his preschool friend frequently dump all the books off the bookshelf in the classroom. One day, Seth observes his friend being punished by their preschool teacher after she saw his friend dumping the books. After seeing his friend punished, Seth never again dumps books off the bookshelf. Seth has learned through
A)imitation.
B)punishment.
C)vicarious reinforcement.
D)reciprocal determinism.

Accepted Answer

Seth learned not to dump books off the bookshelf by observing his friend being punished for that behavior. This is an example of vicarious reinforcement, where an individual modifies their behavior based on observing the consequences of another person's behavior.

Question 17

_____ theories are primarily concerned with children's ability to think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviour.
A)Social learning
B)Ecological
C)Psychoanalytic
D)Social cognitive

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theories focus on understanding how children develop the ability to think about and interpret their own and others' mental states, which includes thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors.

Question 18

_____ is an example of an aspect of SES that occurs at the level of the exosystem.
A)Government policies
B)Employment status of parents
C)Neighbourhood
D)Changes in types of jobs over time

Accepted Answer

The exosystem involves external environmental settings that indirectly affect a person. The employment status of parents is an aspect of SES that occurs at the exosystem level, as it indirectly influences the child's environment and experiences.

Question 19

Bree and her husband have a newborn baby boy. What can they do to help their son successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust stage?
A)be consistent and warm in their caretaking
B)help the child have successful experiences
C)not be highly controlling
D)instill socially acceptable behaviours

Accepted Answer

Being consistent and warm in their caretaking helps the child develop a sense of trust, which is crucial for successfully resolving Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust stage.

Question 20

Albert Bandura is recognized for his contributions to
A)psychosocial theory.
B)ecological theory.
C)behaviourism.
D)social-learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura is best known for his social-learning theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in behavior.

Quiz 9: Theories of Social Development

Media is located in which bioecological level?

A person who believes that intelligence is fixed is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence.

During which stage does the superego develop?

Which sequence lists the stages of Freud's theory in the CORRECT developmental order?

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. According to Skinner, which of these would be the BEST advice to give Joshua's parents if they wish to stop Joshua's screaming?

According to Erikson, when parents support their toddlers' development of self-control without instigating a loss of self-esteem, toddlers will develop a sense of

According to Freud, if a person's fundamental needs are not met during a particular stage, the person may

_____ is part of the chronosystem.

Which of the following theories is primarily concerned with the survival value of particular behaviours?

Carlos feels guilty when he disobeys his parents' rule about not eating cookies before dinner. Freud would see Carlos's guilt as a sign that he has developed a(n)

According to Freud's theory, infants fear

The fourth stage in Freud's theory, which lasts from age 6 to age 12, is called the

The ego is ruled by

Consistent with research on nonhuman primates and rodents, children who have been exposed to adverse rearing conditions demonstrate disruptions in their

Evolutionary psychologists posit that parents spend the great deal of time and resources that they do in raising their children because

_____ theories are primarily concerned with children's ability to think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviour.

_____ is an example of an aspect of SES that occurs at the level of the exosystem.

Bree and her husband have a newborn baby boy. What can they do to help their son successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust stage?

Albert Bandura is recognized for his contributions to