Question 1

Previous research on cerebral localization by Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig had found five areas of motor control, while research by David Ferrier in the same area found the following number:
A)15
B)32
C)7
D)20

Accepted Answer

David Ferrier's research identified 15 areas of motor control in the brain, expanding on the findings of Fritsch and Hitzig.

Question 2

The term coined by Mueller to describe that each type of sensory nerve is specific to a particular sensory modality, such as vision or hearing, is
A)the doctrine of specific nerve energies.
B)the specification of nerve impulses.
C)the law of specific nerve energies.
D)the doctrine of independent nerve impulses.
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "the doctrine of specific nerve energies," which was coined by Johannes Müller to describe how different sensory nerves are responsible for different sensory modalities.

Question 3

The efforts of Robert Whytt, William Cullen, Franz Joseph Gall, and others to contend that mental processes could be accounted for by bodily processes alone and that the brain and mind were not separate entities was strongly resisted because
A)the church had control over access to research facilities and equipment, and ideas deviating from the traditional Cartesian method were not tolerated.
B)the development of an empirically valid method to test such a theory had not yet been developed, and the idea was so foreign to people that it was disregarded.
C)many people thought that higher mental processes, such as will and intellect, were unique to humans and therefore required a more elaborate explanation.
D)to follow the beliefs of scientists, who by their nature deviated from the teachings of the church, often resulted in being shunned by family and friends.

Accepted Answer

Many people believed that higher mental processes were unique to humans, necessitating a more complex explanation than simply attributing them to bodily processes. This belief contributed to the resistance against the idea that the brain and mind were not separate entities.

Question 4

Phrenology was a method of determining mental abilities and traits by
A)examining facial characteristics, such as the shape of the nose.
B)examining body types.
C)having subjects fill out questionnaires.
D)reading the bumps on one's skull.

Accepted Answer

Phrenology was based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. Practitioners believed that the size of these brain areas reflected the strength of the individual's abilities and traits, which they thought could be determined by examining the shape and irregularities of the skull.

Question 5

Mind-body dualism refers to
A)John Locke's description of the inability of the mind and body to fully function without each other.
B)Descartes's belief that the soul is entirely distinct from the body.
C)The philosophy that the mind and the body work together to form a cohesive, well-functioning entity.
D)Franz Joseph Gall's argument that the mind and body are inseparable entities and should be empirically studied as one.

Accepted Answer

Mind-body dualism, particularly as proposed by René Descartes, posits that the mind and body are fundamentally distinct entities. Descartes argued that the mind, or the soul, is a non-material entity that is entirely separate from the physical body.

Question 6

A major philosophical debate in the 19th century was focused on the relationship between the brain and the mind.The philosopher and theory that were primarily associated with fueling this debate were
A)Descartes and his theory that all mental processing and functions of the body could be understood through naturalistic terms and there was no need to explain brain functions through divine influence.
B)Locke and his philosophy that all knowledge is gained directly through sense experience.
C)Locke and his philosophy that knowledge is innate.
D)Descartes and his theory that higher mental powers such as rationality were the result of divine influence while lower mental processing and functions of the body could be understood in naturalistic or mechanical terms.

Accepted Answer

Descartes and his theory that higher mental powers such as rationality were the result of divine influence, while lower mental processing and functions of the body could be understood in naturalistic or mechanical terms, is a key part of the mind-body dualism debate. This debate is central to discussions on the relationship between the brain and the mind.

Question 7

In the 17th century, Descartes used the technology of automata to explain how the human body functions; a century later, philosophers and scientists referred to the function of ____ to explain how organisms engaged in self-regulation.
A)steam engines
B)automobiles
C)ocean liners
D)aircraft

Accepted Answer

In the 18th century, the steam engine became a prominent symbol of technological advancement and was used metaphorically by philosophers and scientists to explain concepts of self-regulation in organisms. This analogy helped bridge the understanding of mechanical operations and biological processes.

Question 8

Flourens's use of the experimental method had several outcomes.Most notably, it allowed for
A)the use of animals as an acceptable way to produce research.
B)the surgical method to be considered a valid technique for the psychological sciences.
C)an increased acceptance and respect given by the medical community.
D)investigations to be considered valid as long as they were experimental and based in a laboratory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Flourens's use of the experimental method had...

Question 9

Ferrier's book titled The Functions of the Brain was dedicated to Gall for what reason?
A)Gall had predicted, 50 years earlier, that someone would validate this work on brain localization.
B)Gall was Ferrier's mentor, and his encouragement had allowed Ferrier to produce such successful research.
C)Gall was conducting similar research at the same time as Ferrier, and the two were in fierce competition to produce the best research.
D)Ferrier's book was not dedicated to Gall.

Accepted Answer

Gall had made early predictions about the localization of functions in the brain, which Ferrier's work later supported and expanded upon, validating Gall's earlier theories.

Question 10

Gall referred to the brain as
A)the main center of life.
B)the organ of the mind.
C)the connection between human life and God.
D)the executive function.

Accepted Answer

Gall is known for his work in phrenology, where he posited that the brain is the organ of the mind, suggesting that different parts of the brain are responsible for different aspects of mental functions and personality traits.

Question 11

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the development of a color vision theory that best accounted for both the physical processes and the psychological experience?
A)Hermann von Helmholtz
B)Emil du Bois-Reymond
C)Christine Ladd-Franklin
D)Johannes Mueller

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following psychologists is associated...

Question 12

Robert Whytt's 1751 publication On the Vital and Other Involuntary Motions of Animals suggests that the principle of sentience is the force behind an organism's response to stimuli.This was an important finding because
A)it allowed a third absolute category (stimulated motion) to be introduced into the mind-body debate.
B)it offered an alternative to Cartesian dualism.
C)the previous beliefs surrounding response-stimuli were not congruent with the zeitgeist of psychology and were quickly becoming irrelevant.
D)of none of the above

Accepted Answer

Robert Whytt's work offered an alternative to Cartesian dualism by suggesting that sentience, rather than just mechanical reactions or divine intervention, played a key role in how organisms respond to stimuli. This was significant in the context of the mind-body debate, as it introduced a nuanced view that bridged the gap between purely physical and purely mental explanations for bodily movements.

Question 13

Your textbook authors state that at least four strands of thought and practice were important for the emergence of Psychology by the end of the 19th century.These are
A)philosophy, medicine, evolutionary theory, and religion.
B)philosophy, physiognomy, Lamarckiansim, and religion.
C)philosophy, physiology, evolution by natural selection, and religion.
D)philosophy, physiology, evolution by natural selection, and creation of a psychological sensibility through everyday practices.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D) philosophy, physiology, evolution by natural selection, and creation of a psychological sensibility through everyday practices. These strands represent the diverse influences on the development of psychology, including the theoretical foundation from philosophy, the understanding of bodily functions from physiology, the impact of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and the broader cultural practices that shaped a psychological way of thinking.

Question 14

Descartes understood the functions of the mechanics of the body through automata, which are
A)self-moving mechanical objects.
B)automatic and unconscious bodily responses.
C)replicas of human bodies with moving functions and removable parts.
D)mechanical replicas of the human mind.

Accepted Answer

Descartes used the concept of automata to describe self-moving mechanical objects, drawing parallels between these mechanisms and the functions of the human body, excluding the operations of the mind.

Question 15

Although René Descartes was a philosopher, his philosophy was important for the development of psychology.His philosophy concerning the origin of knowledge stated
A)that there is no knowledge without truth.
B)that one can only believe those things that have no possibility of doubt.
C)that knowledge is discovered through sense experience.
D)that humans are born blank slates.
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Descartes' philosophy emphasized doubt and the questioning of all received wisdom, leading to his famous conclusion "I think, therefore I am." He argued that for something to be known, it must be absolutely certain and indubitable, hence the idea that one can only believe those things that have no possibility of doubt.

Question 16

Gall's original term for what became phrenology was
A)organology.
B)bumpology.
C)cranioscopy.
D)neurology.

Accepted Answer

Gall's original term for what became phrenology was organology.

Question 17

Hermann von Helmholtz's trichromatic theory of color vision suggests that
A)every color that is perceived by humans is the result of a specific combination of up to three retinal receptors.
B)color vision results from stimulation of specific receptors on the retina.
C)the physiological process of color vision differs from that of monochromatic vision.
D)color vision results from stimulation of specific receptors on the cornea.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hermann von Helmholtz's trichromatic theory of color...

Question 18

Flourens sought to empirically demonstrate that there was no division of cerebral functioning.To do so, he
A)ran hundreds of experiments using pigeons and, when the results were inconclusive, claimed they were proof against localization.
B)ablated the brains of animals and observed their recovery.
C)had both left- and right-handed individuals complete a battery of identical tests and compared the findings.
D)cut the tissue connecting the two sides of the brain and observed behavior.

Accepted Answer

Flourens conducted experiments involving the ablation (removal or destruction) of different parts of animal brains, particularly in pigeons, and observed the effects on their behavior and abilities. His findings led him to argue against the idea of localized brain functions, suggesting instead that the brain acted as a whole.

Question 19

Whytt's principle of sentience refers to
A)breaking down the functions of the body and mind into separate, absolute categories.
B)the theory that energy can never be created or destroyed.
C)an organism's response to stimuli involves the action of volition (a function of higher mental powers).
D)the theory that all living organisms are sentient.

Accepted Answer

Whytt's principle of sentience suggests that an organism's response to stimuli involves the action of volition, which is considered a function of higher mental powers. This principle was proposed by Robert Whytt, an 18th-century Scottish physician, to explain how living beings respond to their environment.

Question 20

Locke's model of knowledge, called associationism, involves
A)the formation of complex ideas from combinations of simpler ideas.
B)the understanding of ideas through an examination of the process from which the ideas originated.
C)the conceptualization of mental processes through the mechanics of the body.
D)the concept of tabula rasa.

Accepted Answer

Locke's associationism suggests that complex ideas are formed by combining simpler ideas, emphasizing the connections and associations between ideas.

Quiz 2: Origins of a Science of Mind

Previous research on cerebral localization by Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig had found five areas of motor control, while research by David Ferrier in the same area found the following number:

The term coined by Mueller to describe that each type of sensory nerve is specific to a particular sensory modality, such as vision or hearing, is

The efforts of Robert Whytt, William Cullen, Franz Joseph Gall, and others to contend that mental processes could be accounted for by bodily processes alone and that the brain and mind were not separate entities was strongly resisted because

Phrenology was a method of determining mental abilities and traits by

Mind-body dualism refers to

A major philosophical debate in the 19th century was focused on the relationship between the brain and the mind.The philosopher and theory that were primarily associated with fueling this debate were

In the 17th century, Descartes used the technology of automata to explain how the human body functions; a century later, philosophers and scientists referred to the function of ____ to explain how organisms engaged in self-regulation.

Flourens's use of the experimental method had several outcomes.Most notably, it allowed for

Ferrier's book titled The Functions of the Brain was dedicated to Gall for what reason?

Gall referred to the brain as

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the development of a color vision theory that best accounted for both the physical processes and the psychological experience?

Robert Whytt's 1751 publication On the Vital and Other Involuntary Motions of Animals suggests that the principle of sentience is the force behind an organism's response to stimuli.This was an important finding because

Your textbook authors state that at least four strands of thought and practice were important for the emergence of Psychology by the end of the 19th century.These are

Descartes understood the functions of the mechanics of the body through automata, which are

Although René Descartes was a philosopher, his philosophy was important for the development of psychology.His philosophy concerning the origin of knowledge stated

Gall's original term for what became phrenology was

Hermann von Helmholtz's trichromatic theory of color vision suggests that

Flourens sought to empirically demonstrate that there was no division of cerebral functioning.To do so, he

Whytt's principle of sentience refers to

Locke's model of knowledge, called associationism, involves