Question 1

During the Cultural Revolution in China, psychology was seen as

Accepted Answer

During the Cultural Revolution in China, psychology was labeled as bourgeois and ideologically incompatible with Maoist thought, leading to the closure of psychology departments and the suppression of psychological research and practice.

Question 2

The purpose of the Marshall Plan was

Accepted Answer

The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European Recovery Program, was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (approximately $128 billion in current dollar value as of 2020) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. Its primary goal was not about spreading awareness of American psychology or directly encouraging peace, but rather economic recovery and rebuilding.

Question 3

The development of the first psychological journal, laboratory, and association in India occurred

Accepted Answer

The development of the first psychological journal, laboratory, and association in India occurred between 1915 and 1926, marking a significant period in the establishment of psychology as a scientific discipline in the country.

Question 4

"Indigenization from within and indigenization from without" describes

Accepted Answer

Indigenization from within refers to modifying existing theories (often Western) to make them relevant to a specific region, while indigenization from without involves developing entirely new theories that are pertinent to that region.

Question 5

The interwar period saw the adoption and development of ____ in Japan.

Accepted Answer

During the interwar period, Japan saw the adoption and development of personality and intelligence tests, as well as the establishment of a national psychology association. These developments were part of Japan's broader engagement with Western psychological theories and practices, adapting them to fit their own cultural and educational contexts.

Question 6

Unlike other areas of the world, which region did not really pursue the formal study of psychology (if it did at all) until decades after the Second World War?

Accepted Answer

Africa, except for South Africa, did not significantly pursue the formal study of psychology until decades after the Second World War, due to various socio-economic and political factors.

Question 7

The success of American psychology on a global scale is due in part to

Accepted Answer

The success of American psychology globally can be attributed to a combination of factors: the acceptance of its principles as universally applicable, the significant investment in research and training programs post-World War II, and the impact of the war on European academic infrastructure, which hindered competition and facilitated the dominance of American psychology.

Question 8

Psychology in South Africa underwent substantial growth early on despite

Accepted Answer

The growth of psychology in South Africa was substantial despite the racist applications of psychological research, which were prevalent during the apartheid era.

Question 9

Chinese psychology can be described as

Accepted Answer

Chinese psychology, particularly after World War II, has been significantly focused on education and development, reflecting the country's priorities in rebuilding and advancing its societal structures.

Question 10

Indian indigenous psychology was developed because

Accepted Answer

Western psychology was often seen as not fully applicable or relevant to the Indian socio-cultural context, leading Indian psychologists to develop an indigenous psychology that better addressed local needs, values, and social issues.

Question 11

The work of Indian social psychologist Jamuna Prasad was ahead of its time, in that it was similar in subject matter to the later work of

Accepted Answer

Jamuna Prasad's work was ahead of its time and similar in subject matter to Leon Festinger's, particularly in the areas of cognitive dissonance and social comparison, which are key aspects of Festinger's theories.

Question 12

In the 1950s, the American psychological influence could be seen in

Accepted Answer

In the 1950s, American psychological influence was widespread, including in France through funding social psychological research, in Germany through the use of aptitude tests, and also in Germany through the adoption of clinical psychology practices.

Question 13

Counseling psychology, loosely defined, ____ in India until the late 20th century.

Accepted Answer

Counseling psychology in India, before becoming a formal discipline, was traditionally performed by swamis and gurus who played roles similar to counselors by providing guidance and advice.

Question 14

Which influential psychologist or psychologists were involved in the indigenization of Indian psychology?

Accepted Answer

Durganand Sinha and Jai B.P. Sinha were influential in the indigenization of Indian psychology, focusing on developing psychological theories and practices that are rooted in Indian cultural context and traditions.

Question 15

As was the case in many other countries, South African psychology in the 1950s and 1960s saw the growth of

Accepted Answer

The answer of As was the case in many other...

Question 16

The Psychological Institute of the Republic of South Africa was a distinctive psychological association because

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Psychological Institute of the Republic of...

Question 17

Modernization theory proposed

Accepted Answer

Modernization theory often suggested that the end point of modernization was similar to the state of development that countries like the United States had already achieved, implying a linear progression towards a similar model of economic and social development.

Question 18

Virgilio Enriquez helped to develop a Filipino psychology, arguing

Accepted Answer

Virgilio Enriquez emphasized the importance of understanding the cultural background of subjects for psychology to be relevant, advocating for a psychology rooted in Filipino culture and societal norms.

Question 19

The term Third World was originally coined by French social scientists in the 1950s to refer to

Accepted Answer

The term "Third World" was originally used to describe countries that were not aligned with either the capitalist bloc (First World) or the communist bloc (Second World) during the Cold War, representing a "third way" or group apart from these two dominant geopolitical divisions.

Question 20

Indigenous psychologies developed out of

Accepted Answer

Indigenous psychologies emerged as a response to the need for psychological theories, practices, and research methodologies that are more relevant and applicable to the cultural contexts of various local regions and peoples. This development was driven by the recognition that mainstream psychology, often dominated by Western perspectives, may not fully capture the nuances of human behavior and mental processes across different cultures.

Quiz 11: Internationalization and Indigenization of Psychology Afterworld War II