The Efforts of Robert Whytt, William Cullen, Franz Joseph Gall

The efforts of Robert Whytt, William Cullen, Franz Joseph Gall, and others to contend that mental processes could be accounted for by bodily processes alone and that the brain and mind were not separate entities was strongly resisted because

A) the church had control over access to research facilities and equipment, and ideas deviating from the traditional Cartesian method were not tolerated.
B) the development of an empirically valid method to test such a theory had not yet been developed, and the idea was so foreign to people that it was disregarded.
C) many people thought that higher mental processes, such as will and intellect, were unique to humans and therefore required a more elaborate explanation.
D) to follow the beliefs of scientists, who by their nature deviated from the teachings of the church, often resulted in being shunned by family and friends.