Question 1

Regarding observational learning studies, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Children tend to blindly imitate adult role models.
B) Observational learning only prepares a person to duplicate a response.
C) Actual imitation depends on whether the model was rewarded or punished for what was done.
D) Children tend to imitate what their parents do, and not what they say.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves more than blind imitation; children and adults alike consider the context, outcomes, and other factors when deciding whether to imitate a behavior.

Question 2

G-rated cartoons average how many minutes of violence per hour?
A) less than five minutes
B) 10 minutes
C) 20 minutes
D) 30 minutes

Accepted Answer

The answer of G-rated cartoons average how many minutes of...

Question 3

Which of the following determines whether a new response learned through modeling will be repeated?
A) whether the learner saw the behavior performed more than once
B) whether the learner receives normal reinforcement or feedback for the modeled behavior
C) whether the model praised the learner for observing the behavior and whether the learner reciprocated the reinforcement
D) whether the learner observed the model in a real-life or filmed setting

Accepted Answer

The reinforcement or feedback that the learner receives for the modeled behavior is the most important factor in determining whether the new response will be repeated. This is because the learner is more likely to repeat behaviors that are associated with positive consequences or rewards. While the other factors listed may have some influence, they are not as significant as the reinforcement received for the modeled behavior.

Question 4

Earlier studies of modeled aggression suggest that
A) the viewing of TV aggression does not have any significant effect on children's behavior.
B) children tend to be calmer after observing aggression on television due to the cathartic effect.
C) children and young adults actually spend more time in the classroom than they do engaged with various media.
D) children who watch a great deal of televised violence will be more prone to behave aggressively.

Accepted Answer

The correct option is D, as earlier studies have found that there is a significant correlation between viewing televised aggression and aggressive behavior in children. These studies suggest that children who spend more time watching violent television programs are more likely to behave aggressively. Option A is incorrect, as studies have shown that there is a link between television violence and aggressive behavior. Option B is also incorrect, as the catharsis hypothesis has not been supported by research. Option C is irrelevant to the question of the effects of TV aggression on children's behavior.

Question 5

Which of the following was NOT one of the findings of Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment?
A) Most of the children imitated the model's attack on the Bo-Bo doll.
B) Some of the children added new aggressive acts toward the doll that were not performed by the model.
C) The cartoon model was only slightly less effective in encouraging aggression than the live model and the filmed model.
D) The children imitated the cartoon and live models of children, but did not imitate the filmed adult models.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not a finding of Bandura's Bo-Bo doll experiment. The experiment found that most children imitated the model's attack, some added new aggressive acts, and both live and filmed models were effective in encouraging aggression.

Question 6

Research suggests that children will usually model what parents
A) say and not what the parents do.
B) do rather than what the parents say.
C) wish the child would do.
D) tell older siblings to do.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children are more likely to model behaviors based on what their parents do rather than what they say. This is because children observe and mirror the actions of those around them, especially their primary caregivers. Thus, if parents engage in positive behaviors, children are more likely to adopt these behaviors themselves.

Question 7

Regarding observational learning studies, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Children cannot learn attitudes, fears, emotions, or personality traits through modeling.
B) Observational learning prepares a person to duplicate a response.
C) Children who witness domestic violence are more likely to commit it themselves as adults.
D) An adolescent is more likely to begin smoking if his or her parents, siblings, and friends smoke.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Children can learn attitudes, fears, emotions, and personality traits through modeling, as demonstrated in various observational learning studies.

Question 8

Regarding children's exposure to the media, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Today's children and young adults spend less time in the classroom than they do engaged with various media, including television, video games, movies, the Internet, music, and print.
B) By the time the average American has graduated from high school, she or he will have "witnessed" thousands of murders and countless acts of robbery, arson, bombing, torture, and beatings in the media.
C) G-rated cartoons average 30 minutes of violence per hour.
D) Experiencing media violence does not invariably "cause" any given person to become more aggressive, but it can make aggression more likely.

Accepted Answer

This is a false statement. G-rated cartoons actually average only 2.2 violent incidents per hour, according to a study by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Question 9

Through modeling of their parents, children often learn which of the following?
A) emotions and personality traits
B) fears and anxieties
C) attitudes and bad habits
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Children learn a variety of traits and behaviors through modeling their parents, including emotions, personality traits, fears and anxieties, attitudes, and both good and bad habits.

Question 10

In one experiment, children watched either live models or films of a person or cartoon character hitting an inflatable doll ("Bo-Bo the Clown" doll).What happened when they had the opportunity to play with the same doll?
A) Few of the children imitated the behaviors they had seen.
B) Those who saw the live model imitated the behavior, but those who saw the cartoon did not.
C) Those who saw the cartoon model imitated the behavior, but those who saw the live models did not.
D) Most of the children imitated the behaviors they had seen.

Accepted Answer

The experiment conducted by Bandura et al. (1961) showed that most of the children imitated the behaviors they had seen when given the opportunity to play with the "Bo-Bo the Clown" doll. This included those who watched the live models and those who watched the films of a person or cartoon character hitting the doll. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 11

Billy's parents beg him not to smoke, but his parents smoke themselves.If Billy continues to smoke, he has been influenced by
A) modeling.
B) the paradoxical intention.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) counterconditioning.

Accepted Answer

Billy has been influenced by modeling, which is the process of observing and imitating the behavior of others. In this case, he sees his parents smoking and is more likely to do the same. The paradoxical intention is a technique used in therapy to reduce anxiety, negative reinforcement is when a behavior is strengthened by removing an unpleasant consequence, and counterconditioning is a process of changing a learned response to a stimulus. None of these concepts accurately describe Billy's situation.

Question 12

In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment, most of the children imitated
A) the live adult model, but not the filmed model.
B) the cartoon model, but not the live adult model.
C) the cartoon model and filmed model, but not the live adult model.
D) all of the models, whether live, filmed, or cartoon.

Accepted Answer

In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment, the majority of children imitated all of the models, whether live, filmed, or cartoon. This demonstrates the power of observational learning and the tendency for individuals to imitate behavior they witness, regardless of whether it is demonstrated in real life or through different media formats.

Question 13

Children tend to act as if parents give them the message, "Do as I do, not as I say." This is because of the powerful effect of
A) modeling.
B) learning sets.
C) cognitive mapping.
D) punishment.

Accepted Answer

Modeling refers to the process of learning by observing others' behaviors and imitating them. Parents are powerful role models for their children, and their behaviors and actions often have a much stronger impact on children's behavior than their words or instructions. As a result, children may act as if parents are giving them the message of "Do as I do, not as I say."

Question 14

If you smoke cigarettes, psychologists would urge you to quit so your children won't learn to smoke by
A) modeling.
B) direct reinforcement.
C) discovery learning.
D) respondent conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Modeling refers to learning by observing the behavior of others. Children are more likely to imitate the behavior of their parents or guardians, especially if it is consistently modeled in their environment. By quitting smoking, parents can serve as positive role models for their children and decrease the likelihood that their children will learn to smoke. Direct reinforcement (B) refers to learning through rewards or punishments, and is less relevant to smoking cessation. Discovery learning (C) involves learning by exploring and experimenting, and is also less applicable to smoking behavior. Respondent conditioning (D) is a type of learning that occurs when an individual learns to respond to a previously neutral stimulus in a particular way due to its repeated association with another stimulus. While smoking can be associated with certain environmental cues, such as the smell of cigarette smoke, respondent conditioning is not the primary mechanism through which children may learn to smoke.

Question 15

A behavior that is learned by modeling or observation must be maintained by
A) repeated observations of the model.
B) direct chaining of the behaviors.
C) direct reinforcement or feedback of the behavior once it is modeled.
D) positive transfer of the behavior to other new responses.

Accepted Answer

Direct reinforcement or feedback of the behavior once it is modeled is necessary to maintain the learned behavior. Without this reinforcement, the behavior may not be consistently exhibited. A and D may contribute to the reinforcement of the behavior, but they are not necessary for its maintenance. Direct chaining (B) is a method of teaching new behaviors, not maintaining existing ones learned by observation.

Question 16

Regarding observational learning, or modeling, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Humans are the only mammals that have the capacity for observational learning.
B) Modeling allows a person to skip the tedious trial-and-error stage of learning.
C) Through observational learning, a person may learn new responses or may learn a general rule that can be applied to various situations.
D) If a model is successful at a task or rewarded for a response, the learner is more likely to imitate the behavior.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Humans are the only mammals that have the capacity for observational learning" is false. Many other mammals, such as primates, dogs, and whales, have been shown to exhibit observational learning.

Question 17

Once a new response is tried, normal reinforcement or feedback determines whether it will be repeated thereafter.This is true for both observational learning, or modeling, and for
A) insight learning.
B) respondent conditioning.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) latent learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Once a new response is tried, normal...

Question 18

While Gabe was growing up, his father would get angry and yell and throw objects at the wall.As an adult now, Gabe also yells and throws objects when he gets angry.Gabe learned these behaviors through
A) associative learning.
B) respondent conditioning.
C) instrumental learning.
D) modeling.

Accepted Answer

Gabe learned these behaviors through modeling, as he observed and imitated his father's actions.

Question 19

In one classic experiment, children learned to hit a "Bo-Bo Clown" doll
A) through operant conditioning.
B) by watching an adult model.
C) through classical conditioning.
D) in order to release anxiety and tension and become calmer.

Accepted Answer

The experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura to demonstrate the social learning theory, which argues that children learn behavior by observing and imitating models. In this experiment, children observed an adult model hitting and verbally aggressing a Bo-Bo clown doll, and then reproduced the same aggressive behaviors towards the doll when given the opportunity to play with it. Therefore, the correct answer is B, by watching an adult model.

Question 20

Greg is trying to read the paper and is becoming very frustrated with his oldest child Tommy, who is making a lot of noise near him, so he "swats" Tommy on his rear end and tells him to be quiet.Later, Tommy is fussing at his younger brother for touching his toys.Greg tells his oldest son to be nice to his little brother.From the learning that took place in these two situations, Tommy will most likely
A) be nice to his younger brother.
B) hit his younger brother when he becomes frustrated.
C) hit his father when he becomes frustrated.
D) do none of these.

Accepted Answer

Tommy learned from his father's behavior that hitting is an acceptable response to frustration, so he is likely to mimic this behavior with his younger brother.

Quiz 6: Conditioning and Learning.

Regarding observational learning studies, which of the following statements is FALSE?

G-rated cartoons average how many minutes of violence per hour?

Which of the following determines whether a new response learned through modeling will be repeated?

Earlier studies of modeled aggression suggest that

Which of the following was NOT one of the findings of Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment?

Research suggests that children will usually model what parents

Regarding observational learning studies, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Regarding children's exposure to the media, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Through modeling of their parents, children often learn which of the following?

In one experiment, children watched either live models or films of a person or cartoon character hitting an inflatable doll ("Bo-Bo the Clown" doll) .What happened when they had the opportunity to play with the same doll?

Billy's parents beg him not to smoke, but his parents smoke themselves.If Billy continues to smoke, he has been influenced by

In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment, most of the children imitated

Children tend to act as if parents give them the message, "Do as I do, not as I say." This is because of the powerful effect of

If you smoke cigarettes, psychologists would urge you to quit so your children won't learn to smoke by

A behavior that is learned by modeling or observation must be maintained by

Regarding observational learning, or modeling, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Once a new response is tried, normal reinforcement or feedback determines whether it will be repeated thereafter.This is true for both observational learning, or modeling, and for

While Gabe was growing up, his father would get angry and yell and throw objects at the wall.As an adult now, Gabe also yells and throws objects when he gets angry.Gabe learned these behaviors through

In one classic experiment, children learned to hit a "Bo-Bo Clown" doll