Quiz 15: The Special Senses

Where are the general senses located? A) nose B) eyes C) skin D) tongue

What nerves carry information about the special senses to the CNS? A) spinal nerves only B) both cranial and spinal nerves C) cranial nerves only D) cervical nerves only

To what part of the brain are both general and most special senses carried? A) pons B) thalamus C) medulla oblongata D) hypothalamus

Special senses, such as sight and sound, are detected by: A) motor neurons. B) sensory neurons. C) both cranial nerves and spinal nerves. D) special cells that transduce stimuli into electrical signals.

Olfaction is the sense of: A) taste. B) balance. C) smell. D) hearing.

The olfactory nerves (CN I) are formed by: A) olfactory bulbs. B) axons of the olfactory neurons. C) olfactory tracts. D) supporting cells.

Damage to the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium results in a loss of: A) vision. B) hearing. C) smell. D) taste.

The activation of olfactory receptors requires that the odorant become immersed in: A) cerumen. B) saliva. C) blood. D) mucus.

Place the following steps in the correct order for transduction of a chemical odorant into a nerve signal. 1. Odorants reach receptors in the cilia of olfactory neurons. 2) cAMP opens ions channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell. 3) The G ^-protein activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, to convert ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). 4) The binding of an odorant activates a G ^-protein which then detaches from the receptor. 5) The membrane is depolarized. Depolarization that reaches threshold at the axon hillock triggers an action potential and transduction has been achieved. A) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 D) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5

Place the following steps of nerve impulses in the olfaction pathway in order. 1. primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe 2) olfactory nerve 3) olfactory neurons 4) olfactory bulb A) 2, 3, 4, 1 B) 3, 2, 4, 1 C) 2, 4, 3, 1 D) 3, 4, 2, 1

The most taste buds are present in: A) filiform papillae. B) fungiform papillae. C) foliate papillae. D) vallate (circumvallate) papillae.

Which letter represents the foliate taste buds? A) A B) B C) C

Which cell has receptors specialized to detect different tastes? A) supporting cell B) basal cell C) olfactory cell D) gustatory cell

Taste is detected when chemicals bind receptors on the microvilli of: A) gustatory cells. B) olfactory cells. C) basal cells. D) supporting cells.

How is the sensation of taste affected by a dry mouth? A) Most foods will taste bitter when the mouth is dry. B) Foods have a less intense taste when the mouth is dry. C) Foods have a more intense taste when the mouth is dry. D) The moisture level of the mouth has no influence on taste sensation.

What taste sensation results when sodium ions enter gustatory cells through sodium ion channel receptors, and the cell depolarizes? A) bitter B) salty C) umami D) sour

Aiden was surprised to learn that his salad dressing contained glucose since it did NOT taste: A) salty. B) bitter. C) sour. D) sweet.

Identify the cranial nerves NOT involved in carrying taste information from the tongue into the CNS. A) vagus nerves (CN X) B) facial nerves (CN VII) C) glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX) D) hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)

Damage to the facial nerve would result in a loss of taste sensation from: A) posterior one ^-third of the tongue. B) anterior two ^-thirds of the tongue. C) base of the tongue. D) roof of the mouth.

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located? A) parietal lobe B) occipital lobe C) temporal lobe D) frontal lobe

What gland secretes oil to prevent the eyelids from sticking together? A) sudoriferous gland B) lacrimal gland C) cerumen gland D) tarsal gland

Select the letter representing the nasolacrimal duct. A) A B) B C) C D) D

A weak superior oblique muscle would impair: A) inferior and lateral movement of the eye. B) superior movement of the eye. C) lateral movement and elevation of the eye. D) depression of the eye and lateral movement.

Which extrinsic eye muscles move the eye inferiorly? A) inferior oblique and superior rectus B) lateral rectus and inferior oblique C) superior oblique and inferior rectus D) inferior oblique and inferior rectus

The three layers of the eyeball, from outer to inner, are: A) neural, vascular, and fibrous layers B) fibrous, neural, and vascular layers C) vascular, neural, and fibrous layers D) fibrous, vascular, and neural layers

The sclera is continuous with a transparent layer over the anterior eye known as the: A) choroid. B) lens. C) cornea. D) conjunctiva.

What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil? A) lens B) cornea C) iris D) sclera

What region of the retina contains a high density of photoreceptor cells and allows for extremely detailed vision? A) ora serrata B) optic disc C) ciliary body D) fovea centralis

The optic disc is known as the blind spot because: A) only cones populate the optic disc. B) only rods populate the optic disc. C) the fovea centralis prevents light from striking the optic disc. D) photoreceptors are absent from the optic disc.

What is the function of the lens? A) The lens focuses light on the retina. B) The lens reduces the scattering of light. C) The lens nourishes the retina. D) The lens controls the amount of light passing through the pupil.

What secretes the aqueous humor? A) iris B) vitreous humor C) lens D) ciliary body

What gelatinous mass helps maintain the shape of the eyeball? A) ora serrata B) perilymph C) vitreous humor D) aqueous humor

What unit of light stimulates photoreceptor cells in the retina? A) glutamate B) gamma ray C) refractive index D) photon

Which of the following parts of the eye refract light to focus it on the retina? A) pupil and iris B) ciliary body and suspensory ligaments C) sclera and choroid D) cornea and lens

The ability of the lens to change its shape from flattened to round is known as: A) refraction. B) convergence. C) accommodation. D) inversion.

Twenty ^-year ^-old Leslie learned she is hyperopic after having her eyes examined. What best describes her eye condition? A) Her eyeballs are too short. B) Her eyeball shape is normal. C) Her eyes are experiencing age ^-related decline. D) Her eyeballs are too long.

Determine the correct order that light, and then an action potential, travels as it strikes the retina. A) photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve B) retinal ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve C) photoreceptor cells, retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve D) bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells, retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve

What type of photoreceptor cell perceives color? A) hair cell B) cone C) bipolar cell D) rod

What pigment is derived from vitamin A? A) transducin B) photopsin C) retinal D) opsin

The three types of cones are designated: A) red, yellow, and blue. B) red, green, and yellow. C) yellow, red, and blue. D) red, green, and blue.

People who are unable to distinguish certain colors have a form of: A) color blindness. B) glaucoma. C) astigmatism. D) cataracts.

When a photoreceptor cell is stimulated by light: A) the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes as sodium ion channels close. B) transducin and phosphodiesterase (PDE) are inactive. C) opsin and ^{cis -}retinal combine to form rhodopsin. D) sodium ions enter the outer segment of the photoreceptor and depolarize it.

In the light ^-adapted state: A) rods are bleached and unable to function. B) colors are dull. C) we could see better in the dark. D) we can only see color and not black and white.

In the dark (absence of a stimulus), the photoreceptors are: A) bleached. B) polarized. C) depolarized. D) hyperpolarized.

Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because: A) the lens requires time to accommodate dim light. B) rods exposed to bright light need time to regenerate rhodopsin. C) only cones function in dim light. D) rhodopsin does not function in dim light.

Where does each half of the visual field get segregated so that it reaches the opposite hemisphere of the brain? A) occipital lobe B) optic chiasma C) hypothalamus D) lateral geniculate nucleus

The inability to recognize a family member indicates impairment in the: A) ventral pathway. B) parietal lobe. C) dorsal pathway. D) pretectal area.

What is NOT a function of cerumen? A) Cerumen traps debris before it reaches the tympanic membrane. B) Cerumen waterproofs and lubricates the external auditory canal. C) Cerumen enhances sound transmission into the ear canal. D) Cerumen sweeps debris from the external auditory canal.

What separates the outer ear from the middle ear? A) pharyngotympanic tube B) auditory ossicles C) tympanic membrane D) auricle

Which auditory ossicle is connected to the tympanic membrane? A) anvil B) stapes C) incus D) malleus

What equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane? A) oval window B) pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian tube) C) round window D) external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)

What creates the boundary between the air ^-filled middle ear and the fluid ^-filled inner ear? A) tectorial membrane B) oval window C) tympanic membrane D) basilar membrane

If the stapedius muscle is unable to reduce movement of the ossicles as a unit, how is hearing affected? A) Hearing is not affected. B) Sounds will be louder than normal. C) We hear no sound. D) Sounds will be softer than normal.

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the: A) auditory ossicles. B) cochlea. C) stapedius muscle. D) oval window.

What is NOT part of the inner ear? A) semicircular canals B) vestibule C) tympanic membrane D) cochlea

What part of the inner ear is involved in hearing? A) saccule B) utricle C) cochlea D) vestibule

What cranial nerve carries information about hearing and head movement to the brain? A) trochlear nerve (CN V) B) vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) C) trigeminal nerve (CN IV) D) abducens nerve (CN VI)

The receptor cells of the semicircular canals are located in the: A) perilymph. B) ampullae. C) saccules. D) utricles.

Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers stimulates receptors in the: A) spiral organ (organ of Corti). B) bony labyrinth. C) utricle and saccule. D) basilar membrane.

What supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? A) tectorial membrane B) tympanic membrane C) membranous labyrinth D) basilar membrane

As sound waves travel into the ear, they pass from the auditory canal to the: A) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, endolymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea. B) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, round window, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea. C) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea. D) tympanic membrane, oval window, auditory ossicles, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea.

Where are sound vibrations amplified? A) tympanic membrane B) vestibule C) auditory ossicles D) semicircular canals

The loudness of sound is determined by the vibrations of the: A) tectorial membrane. B) otoliths. C) basilar membrane. D) scala vestibuli.

Damage to the hair cells of the spiral organ (organ of Corti) can result in a loss of: A) hearing. B) olfaction. C) equilibrium. D) vision.

When sound waves bend stereocilia, what happens? A) Hair cells depolarize, releasing neurotransmitter, and triggering an action potential. B) The force of the sound waves is converted into mechanical energy. C) Hair cells hyperpolarize as potassium flows into the cell through open channels. D) Hearing loss results.

The startle reflex occurs when auditory information reaches the: A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) pons. D) midbrain.

Where does the conscious awareness of sound begin, along with the analysis of its pitch, location, and loudness? A) temporal lobe B) frontal lobe C) occipital lobe D) parietal lobe

The sense of equilibrium does NOT depend on input from: A) the visual system. B) the vestibular system. C) the cochlea. D) proprioceptors in muscles and joints.

Which of the following demonstrates static equilibrium? A) riding in an elevator B) riding in a car C) sitting in a movie theater to watch a film D) spinning on a merry ^-go ^-round at the park

The receptor cells for static equilibrium are located in the: A) spiral organ (organ of Corti) of the cochlea. B) otolithic membrane of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule. C) ampullae of the semicircular canals. D) maculae of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule.

The bending of stereocilia depolarizes or hyperpolarizes hair cells within the utricle and saccule and promote a sensation of: A) spinning in a circle. B) sound. C) linear movement of the head. D) turning of the head to the left or right.

What detects dynamic equilibrium? A) spiral organ (organ of Corti) B) crista ampullaris C) utricle and saccule D) cochlea

What description best matches the function of ^stereocilia? A) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear B) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth C) bending produces depolarization or hyperpolarization in hair cells D) tiny calcium carbonate crystal that increase density in endolymph

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting information about sounds and head position and movement to the brain? A) optic nerve (CN II) B) olfactory nerve (CN I) C) facial nerve (CN VII) D) vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Neural sensory signals are relayed to the thalamus, EXCEPT for the sensation of: A) vision. B) dynamic equilibrium. C) olfaction. D) hearing.

Where are sensations integrated with memories of past experiences? A) limbic system B) parietal lobe C) cerebellum D) frontal lobe

In both general and (most) special sensation, information is first processed by sensory nuclei and then transmitted to the thalamus and to primary cortex areas for awareness and identification.

Like all other sensory pathways, the nerve impulses associated with olfaction are routed through the thalamus on the way to the primary olfactory cortex.

All taste sensations begin with the entry of hydrogen ions into a gustatory cell.

The five major taste sensations are sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami.

Tears produced by the lacrimal glands sweep from the superolateral region of the orbit toward the medial and inferior portions of the eye. The tears drain into the passages leading to the nasal cavity.

Six extrinsic eye muscles, including four rectums muscles and two oblique muscles, control the movement of each eye.

The retina is the only portion of the eye to contain photoreceptor cells.

The eye contains two cavities situated within the anterior chamber.

An astigmatism is an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens which causes rays of light to refract unevenly.

Rods are concentrated in the fovea centralis while cones are absent from this region of the retina.

The function of the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube is to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

Endolymph travels within the membranous labyrinth while perilymph travels between the bony and membranous labyrinth.

Neurons on the superior ol nucleus compare information from both ears to determine the loudness of sound.

When you bend your head, gravity pulls on the otolithic membrane, bending the stereocilia either toward or away from the kinocilium.

Match the following with the parts of the eye. -Iris

Match the following with the parts of the eye. -Lens

Match the following with the parts of the eye. -Sclera

Match the following with the parts of the eye. -Area of retina specialized for detailed vision

Match the following with the parts of the eye. -Cornea

Match the following with the parts of the eye. -Portion of the retina that contains no photoreceptors

Match the following with the parts of the ear. -Tympanic membrane

Match the following with the parts of the ear. -External auditory canal

Match the following with the parts of the ear. -Houses the receptors for hearing

Match the following with the parts of the ear. -Vestibule

Match the following with the parts of the ear. -Auditory ossicle that receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane

Match the following with the parts of the ear. -Semicircular canals

Summarize how the special senses and general senses differ.

Explain how a chemical odorant is trans into a neural signal.

Explain how the sense of smell is carried into the brain from olfactory neurons.

Summarize the five primary taste sensations.

Explain the role G ^-proteins play in taste sensation.

Dhara has Sjögren's syndrome, an autoimmune disorder in which the body's white blood cells destroy glands such as the salivary glands. Determine the impact on taste sensation.

Describe the function of the lacrimal gland.

A nurse administers pilocarpine eye drops. The nurse instructs the patient to press on the nasolacrimal duct for 30 seconds because the medication can have some systemic side effects, such as affecting the heart rate. Explain the rationale for pressing on the nasolacrimal duct.

Trace the pathway of tears from the eye to the nose.

Describe how the iris regulates light entry into the eye during sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation.

Describe how light is refracted and focused on the retina in an emmetropic eye.

Explain the difference between accommodation and convergence.

Discuss the two types of photoreceptors and the function of each.

Discuss how image ^-processing occurs in the retina when light strikes photoreceptors.

Trace the pathway of an image formed on the retina to the primary visual cortex in the brain.

Explain the function of the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube.

Discuss the function of the auditory ossicles.

Discuss the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ (organ of Corti) to the primary auditory cortex in the brain.

Explain how static equilibrium differs from dynamic equilibrium.

Air travelers report less satisfaction with the taste of food served while flying. Given the dry climate and low humidity in an airplane, predict why food isn't as tasty in the skies.

Explain how rubbing your eyes with dirty hands can lead to an infection in the nasal cavity.

Ginger wears glasses to see distant objects when she drives. She does not need glasses to see objects that are close. Determine the refractive problem she has and how her glasses correct this problem.

Determine how an upper respiratory infection can impact the ear.

Explain why eight ^-year ^-old Carolina feels like she is still riding the merry ^-go ^-round, although she disembarked a few moments ago.

Discuss the impact of frontal lobe damage on sensation.