Quiz 17: The Cardiovascular System I: the Heart

The apex of the heart is situated toward the: A) left hip. B) left shoulder. C) posterior rib cage. D) right shoulder.

The heart is situated in the middle of the thoracic cavity in a region known as the: A) dorsal cavity. B) cardiac notch. C) mediastinum. D) pleural cavity.

What surface groove separates the right and left ventricles? A) interatrial septum B) interventricular septum C) atrioventricular sulcus D) interventricular sulcus

Both the left and right atria receive blood from: A) the ventricles. B) arteries. C) veins. D) the lungs.

The pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to and from the: A) body. B) brain. C) liver. D) lungs.

The right side of the heart receives: A) oxygenated blood from the systemic circuit. B) oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit. C) deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit. D) deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.

What is the most superficial layer of the pericardial sac? A) parietal pericardium B) visceral pericardium C) epicardium D) fibrous pericardium

What is found between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium? A) the heart B) fibrous pericardium C) pericardial fluid D) the lungs

The visceral pericardium is the same as the: A) fibrous pericardium. B) myocardium. C) epicardium. D) endocardium.

Coronary circulation involves the delivery of oxygenated blood to the: A) heart. B) brain. C) liver. D) lungs.

The right and left coronary arteries receive blood from the: A) pulmonary trunk. B) superior vena cava. C) aorta. D) coronary sinus.

Which two arteries arise from the right coronary artery? A) the right anterior interventricular artery and the right circumflex artery B) the left marginal artery and the right circumflex artery C) the right anterior interventricular artery and the left posterior interventricular artery D) the right marginal artery and the right posterior interventricular artery

Generally, coronary veins empty into a vessel known as the: A) inferior vena cava. B) coronary sinus. C) aorta. D) superior vena cava.

The coronary sinus does NOT receive blood from the: A) small cardiac vein. B) great cardiac vein. C) brachiocephalic vein. D) middle cardiac vein.

What is the function of the valves in the heart? A) prevent backflow of blood through the heart B) invert during contraction of the ventricles C) promote contraction of the ventricles D) eliminate pressure variances within the heart

Which of the following does NOT return blood to the right atrium of the heart? A) superior vena cava B) inferior vena cava C) coronary sinus D) pulmonary vein

Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood? A) pulmonary artery B) pulmonary vein C) pulmonary trunk D) superior vena cava

Which vessel supplies the systemic circuit with oxygenated blood? A) superior vena cava B) aorta C) pulmonary trunk D) coronary sinus

Which opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart connects the right and left atrium? A) fossa ovalis B) foramen ovale C) ligamentum arteriosum D) ductus arteriosus

What muscles, present in the ventricles, anchor by tendon ^-like chords called chordae tendineae? A) papillary muscles B) pectinate muscles C) trabeculae carneae D) ligamentum arteriosum

The cusps of the atrioventricular valves attach directly to: A) chordae tendineae. B) pectinate muscles. C) papillary muscles. D) trabeculae carneae.

What valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium? A) right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) B) pulmonary valve C) aortic valve D) left atrioventricular valve (mitral or bicuspid valve)

Which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base? A) pulmonary trunk B) superior vena cava C) pulmonary vein D) coronary sinus

An insufficient mitral valve (bicuspid valve, or left atrioventricular valve) would allow the backflow of blood into the: A) left ventricle. B) aorta. C) left atrium. D) right atrium.

Blood in the right atrium should travel next past the: A) tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. B) pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary capillaries. C) pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk. D) mitral valve and into the left ventricle.

Where should the left ventricle send blood? A) coronary sinus B) aorta C) left atrium D) pulmonary trunk

What vessel(s) deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium? A) pulmonary arteries B) pulmonary trunk C) pulmonary veins D) aorta

What vessel delivers oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries for gas exchange? A) pulmonary trunk B) coronary artery C) circumflex artery D) aorta

Autorhythmicity is the responsibility of: A) cardiac pacemaker cells. B) cardiac muscle cells. C) skeletal muscle cells. D) contractile cells.

What characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells? A) sarcoplasmic reticulum B) excitability C) striations D) intercalated discs

What ion movement changes the membrane potential in a contractile cell from negative to positive? A) influx of sodium ions B) outflow of potassium ions C) influx of calcium ions D) outflow of calcium ions

The rapid influx of sodium ions into contractile cells creates a positive membrane potential inside the cell and initiates the: A) initial repolarization phase. B) repolarization phase. C) plateau phase. D) rapid depolarization phase.

During what part of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell? A) plateau phase B) rapid depolarization phase C) repolarization phase D) initial repolarization phase

A contractile cell with a membrane potential of 0 mV is experiencing the: A) initial repolarization phase. B) repolarization phase. C) rapid depolarization phase. D) plateau phase.

How do cardiac cells sustain a membrane potential of around 0 mV during the long plateau phase? A) Calcium channels remain open. B) decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane C) increased membrane permeability to potassium ions D) increased membrane permeability to sodium ions

The length of the cardiac action potential, at 200 ^-300 msec, is dependent upon the: A) initial repolarization phase. B) repolarization phase. C) plateau phase. D) rapid depolarization phase.

As a result of the long refractory period in the contractile cell refractory period, cardiac muscle can NOT exhibit: A) fatigue. B) treppe. C) oxygen debt. D) tetany.

What do pacemaker cell action potentials lack? A) repolarization B) depolarization C) threshold D) plateau phase

Which of the following is NOT a population of pacemaker cells in the heart? A) sinoatrial (SA) node B) atrioventricular (AV) node C) Purkinje fiber system D) papillary muscles

Which of the following pacemaker cell populations has the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization at about 60 times per minute? A) atrioventricular (AV) node B) Purkinje fiber system C) sinoatrial (SA) node D) atrioventricular (AV) bundle

What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart? A) Purkinje fiber system B) atrioventricular (AV) node C) sinoatrial (SA) node D) atrioventricular (AV) bundle

Determine the impact if the connection between the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node becomes blocked. A) The ventricular rhythm will not change. B) The ventricles will beat faster. C) The ventricles will beat more slowly. D) The atria will contract more forcefully.

What is NOT part of the cardiac conduction system? A) atrioventricular (AV) bundle B) sinoatrial sinoatrial (SA) node C) atrioventricular (AV) valve D) atrioventricular (AV) node

The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the: A) atrioventricular (AV) node. B) Purkinje fibers. C) sinoatrial (SA) node. D) atrioventricular (AV) bundle.

A damaged right bundle branch will prevent the passage of the action potential to the: A) atrioventricular (AV) bundle. B) Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle. C) sinoatrial (SA) node. D) atrioventricular (AV) node.

The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the: A) atria. B) ventricles. C) sinoatrial (SA) node. D) atrioventricular (AV) node.

On an electrocardiogram (ECG), atrial repolarization is obscured by the: A) S ^-T segment. B) P wave. C) T wave. D) QRS wave.

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization? A) T wave B) QRS wave C) R ^-R interval D) P wave

A damaged atrioventricular (AV) bundle or atrioventricular (AV) node will primarily affect the length of the: A) T wave. B) Q ^-T interval. C) P ^-R interval. D) P wave.

Which part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) would ^most be affected by abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles? A) T wave B) R ^-T interval C) QRS wave D) P wave

Which of the following can be used to measure heart rate? A) R ^-R interval B) P ^-R interval C) Q ^-T interval D) S ^-T segment

What activity is occurring in the heart during the Q ^-T interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG)? A) The AV node delay occurs as the action potential spreads from the SA node to the atria to the ventricles. B) The ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials. C) The ventricular cells are repolarizing. D) The atrial cells are undergoing action potentials.

Archie has a resting heart rate of 125 beats per minute. Classify his cardiac dysrhythmia. A) heart block B) asystole C) bradycardia D) tachycardia

Predict the position of the valves when the ventricles contract. A) Both AV valves and semilunar valves are forced shut. B) Both AV valves are forced open while both semilunar valves are forced shut. C) Both AV valves and semilunar valves are forced open. D) Both AV valves are forced shut while both semilunar valves are forced open.

High pressured blood in the ventricles: A) forces both the AV valves and semilunar valves shut. B) forces both the AV valves and semilunar valves open. C) forces the semilunar valves open. D) forces the AV valves open.

What produces the "lub dub" heart sounds? A) the vibrations of the ventricular and blood vessel walls when valves shut B) the sound of blood traveling through the heart C) the relaxation of the atria, and then the ventricles D) the contraction of the atria, and then the ventricles

End ^-diastolic volume for each ventricle during rest is normally about: A) 120 ml. B) 25 ml. C) 50 ml. D) 70 ml.

The amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of the ventricular ejection phase is normally about: A) 120 ml. B) 70 ml. C) 50 ml. D) 30 ml.

When is the S1 heart sound heard? A) isovolumetric contraction phase B) ventricular filling C) ventricular ejection phase D) isovolumetric relaxation phase

How much blood is pumped from each ventricle during the ventricular ejection phase? A) 120 ml B) 90 ml C) 70 ml D) 50 ml

During what phase does blood flow from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta? A) ventricular ejection phase B) isovolumetric contraction phase C) isovolumetric relaxation phase D) ventricular filling

Which chamber experiences a maximum pressure of around 118 mm Hg during contraction? A) right atrium B) right ventricle C) left ventricle D) left atrium

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) corresponds with the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle? A) T wave B) S wave C) P wave D) S ^-T segment

What wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) occurs during the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle? A) P wave B) R wave C) Q wave D) T wave

Calculate the end ^-systolic volume (ESV) if the end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110 ml and stroke volume (SV) is 70 ml. A) 180 ml B) 40 ml C) 10 ml D) 50 ml

Which of the following volumes should be the greatest? A) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) ^- end systolic volume (ESV) B) stroke volume (SV) C) end ^-systolic volume (ESV) D) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV)

Calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 85 beats/minute, end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) is 130 ml, and end ^-systolic volume (ESV) is 60 ml. A) 5100 ml/min B) 5950 ml/min C) 7800 ml/min D) 16,140 ml/min

Calculate the cardiac output if the heart rate is 100 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 65 ml. A) 6500 ml/min B) 65 ml/min C) 650 ml/min D) 0.65 ml/min

What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle? A) stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) B) heart rate (HR) and end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) C) stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP) D) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) and end ^-systolic volume (ESV)

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one heartbeat is known as: A) cardiac output (CO). B) stroke volume (SV). C) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV). D) heart rate (HR).

Stroke volume averages about: A) 25 ml per heart beat. B) 70 ml per heart beat. C) 180 ml per heart beat. D) 120 ml per heart beat.

The degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called: A) afterload. B) preload. C) contractility. D) stroke volume.

What largely determines preload? A) stroke volume B) afterload C) end ^-systolic volume (ESV) D) end ^-diastolic volume (EDV)

What best describes the Frank ^-Starling law? A) The Frank ^-Starling law states that the slower the heart rate, the greater the cardiac output. B) The Frank ^-Starling law states that the greater the stroke volume, the greater the heart rate. C) The Frank ^-Starling law states that the more the ventricular muscle cells are stretched, the more forcefully they contract. D) The Frank ^-Starling law states that the greater the volume of blood discharged from the heart, the greater the pressure required to discharge the blood.

Afterload is described as: A) the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries. B) the ability to generate tension. C) the length or degree of stretch of the sarcomeres in the ventricular cells before they contract. D) the amount of blood that has drained into the ventricle by the end of the filling phase.

Inotropic agents affect: A) heart rate. B) stroke volume. C) depolarization. D) contractility.

Which of the following decreases heart rate? A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) norepinephrine D) glucagon

Which cranial nerves have a negative chronotropic effect on heart rate? A) hypoglossal nerves (CN XII) B) trochlear nerves (CN IV) C) vagus nerves (CN X) D) glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)

Which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload? A) norepinephrine B) antidiuretic hormone C) aldosterone D) atrial natriuretic peptide

The left side of the heart is often called the systemic pump due to blood flow to the body.

From superficial to deep, the pericardial sac consists of the fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, and the epicardium.

The left ventricle has greater muscle mass than the right ventricle since it pumps against greater resistance.

Desmosomes present between adjacent cardiac muscle cells allow ions to rapidly pass from one cell to another, permitting communication among cardiac muscle cells.

The cardiac conduction system is normally regulated by a population of pacemaker cells known as the sinoatrial (SA) node.

Heart rate can be determined by measuring the time between two successive R waves, known as the R ^-R interval.

There are two phases of the cardiac cycle in which all four heart valves are open: isovolumetric contraction phase and the isovolumetric relaxation phase.

Pressure in the aorta is greater than pressure in the pulmonary trunk; therefore, the left ventricle has to generate a greater pressure than the right ventricle in order to eject blood from the heart.

Stroke volume (SV) can be calculated by subtracting the end ^-diastolic volume (EDV) from the end ^-systolic volume (ESV).

The sympathetic nervous system increases cardiac output by increasing both heart rate and stroke volume.

The sinoatrial (SA) node fires more rapidly at higher body temperatures, increasing cardiac output.

Match the following structures with the internal heart anatomy. -Identify the right atrium.

Match the following structures with the internal heart anatomy. -Identify the left ventricle.

Match the following structures with the internal heart anatomy. -Identify the papillary muscle.

Match the following structures with the internal heart anatomy. -Identify the pulmonary trunk.

Match the following structures with the internal heart anatomy. -Identify the interventricular septum.

Match the following structures with the internal heart anatomy. -Identify the mitral (bicuspid) valve.

Match the following with the waves, segments, or intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG). -Identify the T wave.

Match the following with the waves, segments, or intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG). -Identify the P ^-R interval.

Match the following with the waves, segments, or intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG). -Identify the S ^-T segment.

Match the following with the waves, segments, or intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG). -Identify the wave representing depolarization of all cells within the atria except the SA node.

Match the following with the waves, segments, or intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG). -Identify the complex representing ventricular depolarization.

Match the following with the waves, segments, or intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG). -Identify the interval that can be used to measure heart rate.

Match the following with the waves, segments, or intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG). -Identify the interval during which the ventricles are undergoing action potentials.

Explain the roles of the right side and left side of the heart as two separate pumps.

Determine the effects to blood flow if a heart attack has caused damaged to the left side of the heart.

Describe the structures and functions of the two layers that compose the pericardium surrounding the heart.

Describe the coronary circulation.

Explain the benefit of anastomoses in coronary artery circulation.

Discuss the location and function of valves in the heart.

Predict the effects on valve function and blood flow through the heart for a patient who has ruptured chordae tendineae that anchor the mitral valve.

Explain how contractile cells and pacemaker cells differ in cardiac muscle tissue.

Explain the significance of the plateau period during the action potential of a contractile cell.

Predict the effects of hypocalcemia (low blood calcium ion levels) on the strength and length of contraction in a contractile cell.

Describe the pathway of the action potential through the cardiac conduction system.

Predict the effect on the ventricles if the AV node delay was shorter than normal.

Explain why the QRS wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) is normally larger than a P wave.

Define the terms diastole and systole.

List the four phases of the cardiac cycle.

Summarize the two phases of the cardiac cycle during which all four heart valves are briefly closed.

Explain how to calculate cardiac output (CO).

Describe the Frank ^-Starling law.

Discuss the chronotropic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on the heart.

Trace the pathway of blood flow through the heart. Begin and end the pathway with the systemic capillaries.

Discuss the five waves seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG) and explain what they represent.

An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows extra P waves. Determine and discuss the part of the conduction pathway that is not working.

Predict the effect on the length of the R ^-R interval of an electrocardiogram (ECG) if a patient experiences bradycardia.

A patient learns he has a heart murmur. He learns that his physician hears abnormal sounds during the S1 heart sound. Determine the cause of his heart murmur.

Calculate cardiac output given an end ^-diastolic volume of 140 ml, an end ^-systolic volume of 60 ml, and a heart rate of 85 beats/minute.