Question 1

Dr. Halen did an extensive literature search. As he worked his way through the literature he searched for research that disconfirmed his hypotheses. This is an example of:
A) Peer review
B) Negative case sampling
C) Reflexivity
D) Theoretical validity

Accepted Answer

Negative case sampling involves searching for data or cases that contradict or disconfirm the researcher's hypotheses, which is what Dr. Halen is doing.

Question 2

The basic problems of history, maturation, instrumentation, and testing can all be eliminated by altering the study in what way?
A) Making the study qualitative
B) Adding a control group
C) Using a pretest and posttest
D) Checking for regression artifacts

Accepted Answer

Adding a control group helps to eliminate these basic problems by providing a baseline for comparison, which helps to account for changes that are not due to the treatment or intervention.

Question 3

If a researcher has successfully quantitized qualitative data and qualitized quantitative data, he/she has achieved:
A) Sequential legitimation
B) Conversion legitimation
C) Sample integration legitimation
D) Socio-political legitimation

Accepted Answer

Conversion legitimation refers to the process of transforming qualitative data into quantitative form and vice versa, ensuring the validity and reliability of the data in mixed methods research.

Question 4

If a researcher is able to integrate the two views of a quantitative researcher and qualitative researcher into a broader viewpoint, he/she has achieved:
A) Inside-outside legitimation
B) Paradigmatic/philosophical legitimation
C) Commensurability approximation legitimation
D) Weakness minimization legitimation

Accepted Answer

Commensurability approximation legitimation refers to the integration of different research paradigms, such as quantitative and qualitative, into a coherent framework.

Question 5

Dr. Pitts has successfully integrated her qualitative and quantitative data, analysis, and conclusions in her study. As a result the study has:
A) Pragmatic legitimation
B) Integration legitimation
C) Multiple validities
D) Sociopolitical legitimation

Accepted Answer

Integration legitimation refers to the successful integration of qualitative and quantitative data, analysis, and conclusions in a study, ensuring that the mixed methods research is coherent and valid.

Question 6

If a researcher understands and explains his or her epistemological, ontological, axiological, methodological, and rhetorical beliefs, the study has:
A) Inside-outside validity
B) Paradigmatic/philosophical validity
C) Commensurability approximation validity
D) Weakness minimization validity

Accepted Answer

Paradigmatic/philosophical validity refers to the alignment and coherence of a researcher's philosophical beliefs, including epistemology, ontology, axiology, methodology, and rhetoric, with the research study.

Question 7

Validity that makes use of both the emic and etic viewpoints is called ______.
A) inside-outside validity
B) paradigmatic/philosophical validity
C) commensurability approximation validity
D) weakness minimization validity

Accepted Answer

Inside-outside validity is a type of validity that makes use of both the emic and etic viewpoints. The emic viewpoint is the perspective of the people who are being studied, while the etic viewpoint is the perspective of the researcher. Inside-outside validity is achieved when the researcher is able to understand the emic viewpoint of the people being studied, while also being able to maintain an etic viewpoint as a researcher.

Question 8

If a researcher has addressed the interests, values, and standpoints of many stakeholders, the researcher has achieved:
A) Inside-outside legitimation
B) Sociopolitical legitimation
C) Commensurability approximation legitimation
D) Weakness minimization legitimation

Accepted Answer

Sociopolitical legitimation involves addressing the interests, values, and standpoints of various stakeholders to ensure the research is relevant and acceptable to them.

Question 9

A meta-inference is an inference:
A) From philosophy
B) From a qualitative study
C) Using both qualitative and quantitative findings
D) That has relevance to the total population

Accepted Answer

A meta-inference involves integrating both qualitative and quantitative findings to draw a comprehensive conclusion.

Question 10

Dr. Smith conducted a mixed methods study on delay of gratification. In this particular study, delay of gratification was measured by the amount of time that would elapse between when a person saw a desired food and when he or she would eat it. In addition, participants were interviewed about their reactions to the delay of gratification they experienced in this study. What type of legitimation did Dr. Smith use?
A) Inside-outside legitimation.
B) Commensurability approximation legitimation.
C) Sequential legitimation.
D) Weakness minimization legitimation.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Smith used weakness minimization legitimation by combining quantitative (time measurement) and qualitative (interviews) methods to offset the weaknesses of each method and provide a more comprehensive understanding of delay of gratification.

Question 11

In a mixed methods study, if the quantitative part of the study appropriately followed from the previous phase of qualitative data collection, the study has achieved:
A) Sequential legitimation
B) Conversion legitimation
C) Sample integration legitimation
D) Socio-political legitimation

Accepted Answer

Sequential legitimation refers to the appropriate and logical progression from one phase of a study to the next, such as moving from qualitative data collection to quantitative analysis in a mixed methods study.

Question 12

A researcher tested a group of students first time in second grade and the second time in the middle of the third grade. The second test indicated significant improvement, but after reviewing the test scores the researcher became concerned that he could not be sure whether the scores were a result of the treatment or a result of the students' having gained more life experience in a year-and-a-half. What threat to internal validity is this researcher worried about?
A) Maturation
B) Testing
C) Differential selection
D) Instrumentation

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the natural development and changes that occur in participants over time, which could affect the outcome of the study independently of any treatment. The researcher is concerned that the improvement in test scores might be due to the students' natural growth and increased life experience over the year-and-a-half period, rather than the treatment itself.

Question 13

If you have successfully addressed all the various validity issues pertaining to your mixed research study then you have achieved:
A) Pragmatic Legitimation
B) Multiple validities
C) Integration legitimation
D) Conversion legitimation

Accepted Answer

Achieving multiple validities means that you have addressed various validity issues in your mixed research study, ensuring the study's overall credibility and trustworthiness.

Question 14

In his study, Joe used member checking as a strategy to ensure what type of validity?
A) Construct validity
B) Participant validity
C) Theoretical validity
D) Triangulation validity

Accepted Answer

Participant validity is the extent to which the participants in a study feel that the research accurately reflects their experiences and perspectives. Member checking is a strategy that can be used to ensure participant validity by asking participants to review and provide feedback on the research findings.

Question 15

The results of Dr. Jarvis' study were replicated by three other teams of researchers. As a result Dr. Jarvis' study has:
A) Important results
B) Valid results
C) Research reliability
D) Research validity

Accepted Answer

Replication by other teams indicates that the study's results are consistent and reliable across different settings and researchers, demonstrating research reliability.

Question 16

If you have addressed the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders in your mixed research study, then you have attained:
A) Sequential legitimation
B) Conversion legitimation
C) Sample integration legitimation
D) Socio-political legitimation

Accepted Answer

Socio-political legitimation refers to the extent to which a research study considers and incorporates the interests, values, and viewpoints of various stakeholders, ensuring that the research is relevant and respectful to all parties involved.

Question 17

If the qualitative and quantitative parts of a mixed study have used different sets and numbers of research participants and you have made appropriate generalizations when you combine the data from these sets of research participants, you have achieved:
A) Sequential legitimation
B) Conversion legitimation
C) Sample integration legitimation
D) Socio-political legitimation

Accepted Answer

Sample integration legitimation is achieved when appropriate generalizations are made by integrating data from different sets and numbers of research participants in a mixed methods study.

Question 18

If the inference that is made from the results of a study are correct, then the study has:
A) Important results
B) Valid results
C) Research reliability
D) Research validity

Accepted Answer

Research validity refers to the extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure and produces accurate and meaningful results. If the inference made from the results of a study is correct, it suggests that the study has valid results.

Question 19

If the results of a study can be generalized from the sample of research participants to individuals who were not included in the study, the study is said to have what?
A) Population validity
B) External reliability
C) Representative validity
D) Internal validity

Accepted Answer

Population validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized from the sample to the larger population.

Question 20

If a study can be generalized over time, it has what?
A) Temporal validity
B) Treatment variation validity
C) Outcome validity
D) Operational validity

Accepted Answer

Temporal validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized over time.

Quiz 11: Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Dr. Halen did an extensive literature search. As he worked his way through the literature he searched for research that disconfirmed his hypotheses. This is an example of:

The basic problems of history, maturation, instrumentation, and testing can all be eliminated by altering the study in what way?

If a researcher has successfully quantitized qualitative data and qualitized quantitative data, he/she has achieved:

If a researcher is able to integrate the two views of a quantitative researcher and qualitative researcher into a broader viewpoint, he/she has achieved:

Dr. Pitts has successfully integrated her qualitative and quantitative data, analysis, and conclusions in her study. As a result the study has:

If a researcher understands and explains his or her epistemological, ontological, axiological, methodological, and rhetorical beliefs, the study has:

Validity that makes use of both the emic and etic viewpoints is called ______.

If a researcher has addressed the interests, values, and standpoints of many stakeholders, the researcher has achieved:

A meta-inference is an inference:

In a mixed methods study, if the quantitative part of the study appropriately followed from the previous phase of qualitative data collection, the study has achieved:

If you have successfully addressed all the various validity issues pertaining to your mixed research study then you have achieved:

In his study, Joe used member checking as a strategy to ensure what type of validity?

The results of Dr. Jarvis' study were replicated by three other teams of researchers. As a result Dr. Jarvis' study has:

If you have addressed the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders in your mixed research study, then you have attained:

If the qualitative and quantitative parts of a mixed study have used different sets and numbers of research participants and you have made appropriate generalizations when you combine the data from these sets of research participants, you have achieved:

If the inference that is made from the results of a study are correct, then the study has:

If the results of a study can be generalized from the sample of research participants to individuals who were not included in the study, the study is said to have what?

If a study can be generalized over time, it has what?