Question 1

Stimulus matching refers to:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus matching involves directly comparing a generated stimulus with an observed stimulus to assess similarity or difference, rather than imitating actions or outcomes.

Question 2

Ella observed her father cleaning up toys by putting them all in a large bin and then carrying the bin over to the corner. The next time Ella had to clean up her toys, she left the bin in the corner and carried the toys to it one by one. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Ella's behavior is an example of emulation because she observed the goal of her father's action (cleaning up toys) and achieved the same goal but used a different method to do so. True imitation would involve her copying the exact behavior, including moving the bin.

Question 3

In songbirds, neurons in _____ behave like mirror neurons in monkeys.

Accepted Answer

The robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) and the high vocal center (HVC) in songbirds are involved in song production and learning, showing properties similar to mirror neurons in monkeys, which are involved in both the execution and observation of actions.

Question 4

In observational learning, it is difficult to predict what an organism will learn because:

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves learning by watching others, but it's challenging to predict what an organism will learn because it depends on what the organism perceives from the model. Different organisms may focus on different aspects of the model's behavior or may interpret the behavior in various ways based on their own experiences and cognitive processes.

Question 5

A process in which the learner actively monitors events and then chooses later actions based on those observation is known as:

Accepted Answer

Observational learning is the process where an individual learns by observing the behaviors of others and then imitating, or modeling, those behaviors. This involves actively monitoring events and choosing later actions based on those observations.

Question 6

According to studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats, which brain area(s) seem(s) particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to studies of social transmission of...

Question 7

According to modern social-learning theory, learning occurs as a result of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to modern social-learning theory, learning occurs...

Question 8

_____ is defined as learning from others and often used as a synonym for observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Social learning is the process of acquiring new behaviors or knowledge by observing and imitating others, making it synonymous with observational learning.

Question 9

Tony is excited when he watches his high school football team win the championship. He decides to try out for the team the following year, hoping that he will get to enjoy the same excitement he observes in the players he sees on the team. His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:

Accepted Answer

Tony's decision to try out for the team is influenced by the desirable outcome he observed, which is the excitement and success of the team winning the championship.

Question 10

Which species are the only mammals other than humans that are known to be able to flexibly imitate sounds?

Accepted Answer

Dolphins are known for their ability to flexibly imitate sounds, a trait that is rare among mammals.

Question 11

People with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate:

Accepted Answer

Frontal-lobe damage can lead to problems with inhibiting imitation, causing individuals to imitate actions automatically without the ability to control or inhibit the response.

Question 12

Which statement is an example of social learning?

Accepted Answer

Social learning is demonstrated when an individual learns a behavior by observing and imitating others, as in the case of a chimpanzee copying hand motions made by its trainer.

Question 13

The third phase of song learning in songbirds involves:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The third phase of song learning in...

Question 14

In a dog kennel, if one dog starts barking, there is a tendency for the rest of the dogs to also start barking. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This behavior is an example of emotional contagion, where the emotional state or behavior (in this case, barking) of one individual induces a similar state or behavior in others. It does not necessarily involve learning the behavior by observing others (observational conditioning), enhancing attention to a particular stimulus (stimulus enhancement), or learning vocalizations from others (vocal learning).

Question 15

_____ is the act of doing what one observes another organism doing.

Accepted Answer

Copying is the act of doing what one observes another organism doing, as it involves replicating the actions or behaviors of others.

Question 16

Mirror neurons are neurons that respond:

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are specialized neurons that fire not only when an individual performs an action, but also when they observe someone else performing the same action, thus playing a crucial role in learning through imitation and understanding the actions of others.

Question 17

In Bandura and colleagues' Bobo doll study (1961) it was found that children were more likely to behave aggressively if they:

Accepted Answer

In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, children who observed an adult model behaving aggressively toward the Bobo doll were more likely to also behave aggressively toward the doll. This study highlighted the role of observational learning in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors.

Question 18

Children with autism:

Accepted Answer

Children with autism often show more impairment in performing meaningless gestures compared to meaningful ones, as meaningful gestures are often tied to social and communicative contexts which they might understand better.

Question 19

When one dog starts sniffing the ground for a potential scrap of food, other dogs' attention may be drawn to that part of the ground, and they may copy this sniffing behavior. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus enhancement is a form of social learning where an individual's attention is drawn to a particular object or location within the environment by the actions of another individual. In this scenario, the act of one dog sniffing the ground draws other dogs' attention to that spot, leading them to also sniff the ground. This is not about them observing and then conditioning their behavior based on the observed outcome (observational conditioning), nor is it about conforming to group norms (social conformity) or sharing emotional states (emotional contagion).

Question 20

What has research shown regarding viewing violence in the media and aggression?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that viewing violent media can increase aggressive behavior in individuals. This is supported by numerous studies that have found a correlation between exposure to violent media and an increase in aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Quiz 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting