Question 1

If you find a lost wallet,you ought to return it to its owner or turn it in to the proper authorities.Such a prescription for appropriate behaviour is an example of a

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a norm, which is a social rule or expectation that guides behavior within a particular culture or society. Norms can be formal or informal, written or unwritten, and can vary across cultures and contexts. In this case, returning a lost wallet is an informal norm that is generally expected and valued in many societies.

Question 2

Sociologist Alvin Gouldner has contended that the reciprocity norm

Accepted Answer

Alvin Gouldner has stated that the reciprocity norm is as universal as the incest taboo, which suggests that it is present in all known societies and cultures. This implies that it is not limited to particular groups or individuals, and thus, it is a widely accepted norm.

Question 3

The feel bad-do good effect occurs with

Accepted Answer

The feel bad-do good effect occurs when people who are focusing their attention on others experience a negative mood and then engage in charitable or helpful behaviors to improve their own mood.

Question 4

According to research,helping ___________ a bad mood and __________ positive self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research,helping ___________ a bad mood...

Question 5

Who of the following is most likely to respond favourably to an unexpected request for a charitable donation to a local hospital?

Accepted Answer

Melvin's mother, who just received a very favourable job evaluation from her employer, is likely to respond favorably to the request for a charitable donation as she may feel more financially stable and in a giving mood after receiving positive work feedback.

Question 6

Few findings have been consistent on the fact that __________ people are helpful people.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that happier individuals are more likely to be helpful. This is often attributed to the positive affect theory, which suggests that positive emotions lead to pro-social behavior.

Question 7

In a study by Dunn and colleagues,students were given a sum of money and told to spend it on themselves,someone else,or make a charitable donation.They later rated their level of happiness.Which group was given the lowest ratings of happiness?

Accepted Answer

The group that spent money on themselves received the lowest ratings of happiness. This suggests that spending money on oneself does not lead to increased happiness.

Question 8

Experiments have induced guilt by having people deliver shock,lie,cheat,or destroy property.Such studies consistently show that people who feel guilty

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that when people feel guilty, they are motivated to restore their self-esteem and expunge the guilt. This can be done by engaging in prosocial behavior or doing something to repair the situation that caused the guilt.

Question 9

The "feel good-do good" effect occurs in ______________.

Accepted Answer

The "feel good-do good" effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior after experiencing positive emotions. This effect has been observed in both adults and children, making choice D the best answer. There is no evidence to suggest that this effect is limited to one gender or the other, so choices A and B can be ruled out. While the effect may be stronger in adults due to their greater cognitive and emotional maturity, there is no reason to believe that it does not occur in children as well, so choice C can also be ruled out.

Question 10

Isen,Clark,and Schwartz (1976)had a confederate,who supposedly spent her last dime on a wrong number,call people who had received a free sample of stationery 0 to 20 minutes earlier.The results indicate these people's willingness to relay the phone message rose during the 5 minutes afterwards.Then,their helpfulness

Accepted Answer

The study by Isen, Clark, and Schwartz (1976) suggests that the initial increase in helpfulness was due to the good mood induced by receiving a free sample. As this good mood wore off over time, so did the participants' willingness to help, leading to a drop in helpfulness.

Question 11

Our eagerness to do good after doing bad reflects both our need to reduce __________ guilt and restore our shaken self-image and our desire to reclaim a positive ___________ image.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D) self; external. This is because the first blank refers to the guilt we feel inside ourselves, which is "self" guilt, and the second blank refers to how we are perceived by others, which is our "external" image.

Question 12

The mood-enhancing effects of altruism appear to be the result of

Accepted Answer

The answer of The mood-enhancing effects of altruism appear to...

Question 13

Two social norms that can motivate helping behaviour are

Accepted Answer

Reciprocity refers to the social norm of returning a favor or help received from others. This norm can motivate individuals to help others in the hopes that they will receive help in return. Social responsibility refers to the expectation that individuals have to take actions that benefit society as a whole, including helping those in need. Therefore, both reciprocity and social responsibility can motivate helping behavior. The other options are not entirely accurate, as kin selection and moral inclusion are not social norms, and social exchange is a concept related to economic transactions rather than social behavior.

Question 14

Edward has just learned that his grandfather wrongly profited from the seizure of Japanese Canadians' property during the war.When asked,he quickly agrees to donate money to an anti-racism activist group.What is the most likely reason?

Accepted Answer

Edward likely feels guilty about his grandfather's actions and wants to try to make amends by donating money to an anti-racism activist group.

Question 15

Studies of the effects of mood on helping suggest that adults who feel ____________ are less likely to help others than those who feel neutral.

Accepted Answer

Adults who feel waning positive mood are less likely to help others than those who feel neutral.

Question 16

Moira just won a school lottery fund for $4,000.She is thrilled and is trying to figure out how to spend her money.Which of the following options would be associated with the greatest feelings of happiness and internal reward for Moira?

Accepted Answer

Option B involves using the money to help someone else, which can contribute to feelings of happiness and satisfaction. It also addresses a specific need (a new bed) which can give a sense of accomplishment and purpose. Options A and C focus on material possessions, which may provide temporary pleasure but may not lead to long-term satisfaction. Option D is responsible, but it does not provide any immediate sense of reward or accomplishment for Moira.

Question 17

In a study by McMillen and Austin,participants were induced to feel guilty by denying that they had been tipped off by an accomplice about how to answer test questions.After the test,the experimenter asked participants if they had any spare time to volunteer.Results showed that

Accepted Answer

The study found that guilty participants who were induced to feel guilty by denying they had received help from an accomplice volunteered significantly more time than non-guilty participants did. This suggests that the guilty feelings made the participants more motivated to make up for their perceived wrongdoing through volunteering.

Question 18

The "feel bad-do good" effect occurs most among

Accepted Answer

The "feel bad-do good" effect is the tendency for people to engage in more pro-social behaviors after experiencing negative emotions. This effect is strongest in adults who are focused on others rather than themselves. Therefore, choice C is the best option because it reflects this finding. The other options (children, self-focused adults, and depressed/grieving teenagers) may also experience the "feel bad-do good" effect to some extent, but the effect is strongest in adults who have a high level of other-focus.

Question 19

According to the text,the notion of egoism has fallen into disrepute because

Accepted Answer

The text mentions that the notion of egoism has fallen into disrepute due to its vulnerability to the criticism of circular explanation, where egoistic behaviour is explained as behaviour motivated by self-interest, which is then defined as behaviour motivated by the desire for personal gain. This circularity has led critics to reject egoism as a valid theory. The other options are not explicitly mentioned as reasons for the disrepute of egoism in the text.

Question 20

One of the things that complicates the definition of altruism is that

Accepted Answer

The presence of hidden self-interest behind an act of helping is a common critique raised by skeptics, which complicates a clear definition of altruism.

Quiz 8: Altruism: Helping Others