Question 1

Matthew has persistent early-morning awakening from sleep. He is MOST likely
A) a hypersomniac.
B) an insomniac.
C) a somnambulist.
D) a phototrapist.

Accepted Answer

Matthew's persistent early-morning awakening is a symptom of insomnia, which is characterized by difficulties with falling asleep, staying asleep, or early-morning awakening. The other options do not match with his symptoms.

Question 2

Over the course of several nights Jack is selectively deprived of REM sleep and Jill deprived of slow-wave sleep. Which of the following BEST describes their pattern of sleeping when first allowed uninterrupted sleep?
A) Jack will show increased REM sleep and Jill will show increased slow-wave sleep
B) Jack will show increased REM sleep and Jill will show increased REM sleep
C) Jack will show increased REM sleep and Jill will show no change in REM or slow-wave sleep
D) Jack will show decreased REM sleep and Jill will show decreased slow-wave sleep

Accepted Answer

Jack deprived of REM sleep will experience an increase in REM sleep during his first uninterrupted sleep to make up for the lost REM sleep. Jill deprived of slow-wave sleep will experience an increase in slow-wave sleep during her first uninterrupted sleep to make up for the lost slow-wave sleep. Therefore, Jack will show increased REM sleep and Jill will show increased slow-wave sleep.

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is least accurate?
A) They are a good long-range solution for insomnia.
B) There is some danger of overdose.
C) They reduce the proportion of time spent in slow-wave sleep.
D) They gradually become less effective with continued use.

Accepted Answer

Sleeping pills are not a good long-range solution for insomnia as they can create dependence and tolerance, leading to the need for higher doses over time. Additionally, they do not address the root causes of insomnia and can have negative side effects. It is important to explore non-pharmacological strategies for improving sleep, such as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia or lifestyle changes.

Question 4

One recent study suggested that ____ treatments produce more long-lasting benefits in the treatment of insomnia than do drug therapies.
A) hypnosis
B) psychoanalytic
C) behavioral
D) electroconvulsive shock

Accepted Answer

The passage states that behavioral treatments produce more long-lasting benefits than drug therapies in the treatment of insomnia. Therefore, the correct answer is C) behavioral. A) hypnosis and B) psychoanalytic treatments are not mentioned and D) electroconvulsive shock is not a commonly used treatment for insomnia.

Question 5

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Steve was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. When first allowed an uninterrupted night's sleep, Steve would
A) sleep for a longer amount of time than normal.
B) sleep for a shorter amount of time than normal.
C) spend more time in REM sleep than normal.
D) spend less time in REM sleep than normal.

Accepted Answer

When deprived of REM sleep, the body compensates by entering REM sleep more quickly and spending more time in it during subsequent sleep, a phenomenon known as REM rebound.

Question 6

The most common known sleep disorder is
A) sleep apnea.
B) night terrors.
C) insomnia.
D) somnambulism.

Accepted Answer

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, affecting up to 30% of adults at some point in their lives. Sleep apnea, night terrors, and somnambulism are less common in the general population.

Question 7

Mary occasionally takes a dose of melatonin in the afternoon. Most likely she takes it to help her
A) prevent sleepiness.
B) imitate jet lag.
C) concentrate.
D) fall asleep for a nap.

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Taking melatonin in the afternoon can help induce drowsiness and facilitate falling asleep for a nap.

Question 8

For the past two weeks Catlin has been taking a mild sedative to help her fall asleep. She is likely to find that
A) she feels drowsy and sluggish during the day.
B) she can take less of the drug because the effects of sedatives tend to be cumulative.
C) she will spend more of the night dreaming than she did without the sedative.
D) after two weeks her insomnia should be cured, and she can stop using the sedative.

Accepted Answer

Mild sedatives can cause drowsiness and sluggishness during the day, which is a common side effect. It is unlikely that the effects of sedatives will be cumulative, so option B is incorrect. The amount of dreaming during the night may or may not be affected by the sedative, so option C is not a reliable outcome. It is also unlikely that Catlin's insomnia will be cured after two weeks of using a mild sedative, so option D is incorrect.

Question 9

For the past week Laura has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though she goes to bed at her usual time, she lays awake for several hours before she finally drifts off to sleep. It appears that Laura is experiencing
A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Accepted Answer

Laura is experiencing insomnia, which is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. This is evidenced by her difficulty falling asleep at night despite going to bed at her usual time. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks, sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep, and night terrors are a sleep disorder characterized by episodes of intense fear and panic during sleep. None of these disorders fit with Laura's symptoms.

Question 10

Insomnia is best defined as referring to
A) chronic difficulties in remaining asleep.
B) chronic difficulties in falling asleep.
C) chronic problems in getting adequate sleep.
D) occasional problems in getting adequate sleep.

Accepted Answer

Insomnia is characterized by chronic problems in getting adequate sleep, which includes difficulties in falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early.

Question 11

Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a potential cause of insomnia?
A) excess anxiety and tension
B) emotional problems including depression
C) the use of certain drugs, including narcotics
D) health problems including ulcers and asthma

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following has NOT been...

Question 12

The best estimates suggest that about what percentage of adults report problems with insomnia?
A) 15-17%
B) 34-35%
C) 49-50%
D) 74-75%

Accepted Answer

The best estimates suggest that approximately 34-35% of adults report problems with insomnia. This indicates that insomnia is a widespread and common issue affecting many people.

Question 13

After being deprived of REM sleep for several days, when first allowed uninterrupted sleep people tend to spend additional time in REM sleep. This increase in REM sleep is called the
A) catch-up effect.
B) rebound effect.
C) dream-rebound effect.
D) dream effect.

Accepted Answer

The increase in REM sleep after being deprived of it is called the rebound effect. This is because the body is attempting to make up for the lost REM sleep during the period of deprivation. The other choices (catch-up effect, dream-rebound effect, dream effect) either don't accurately describe the phenomenon or don't exist as recognized terms in the field of sleep research.

Question 14

For the past two weeks Cameron has been taking a mild sedative to help him fall asleep. He is likely to find that
A) he now needs to take a larger dose in order to fall asleep because over time sedatives become less effective.
B) he can take less of the drug because the effects of sedatives tend to be cumulative.
C) he will spend more of the night dreaming than he did without the sedative.
D) after two weeks his insomnia should be cured, and he can stop using the sedative.

Accepted Answer

Over time, people can develop a tolerance to sedatives, meaning they need a higher dose to achieve the same effect. This is likely to be the case for Cameron after two weeks of taking the mild sedative.

Question 15

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Steve was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. As the number of nights in the study increased, Steve
A) increased the total number of hours he slept each night.
B) reduced the total number of hours he slept each night.
C) would enter REM sleep more and more frequently.
D) would enter REM sleep less frequently.

Accepted Answer

When REM sleep is repeatedly interrupted, the body compensates by entering REM sleep more frequently, a phenomenon known as REM rebound.

Question 16

Anne has noticed that for the past three weeks she is unable to sleep for more than five hours at a time, even though she used to regularly get 8 hours of sleep per night. She wakes early in the morning and just can't fall back to sleep once this happens. It appears that Anne has developed
A) somnambulism.
B) insomnia.
C) pseudoinsomnia.
D) sleep apnea.

Accepted Answer

Anne's symptoms are consistent with insomnia, which is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, or waking up too early and being unable to fall back asleep. Somnambulism refers to sleepwalking, pseudoinsomnia is a condition where a person perceives themselves as not sleeping despite evidence to the contrary, and sleep apnea is a sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.

Question 17

Results from a variety of selective deprivation sleep studies have shown that people have a specific need for
A) at least four hours of sleep each night.
B) slow-wave sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) REM and slow-wave sleep.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that both slow-wave sleep (or deep sleep) and REM sleep are crucial for different aspects of physical and mental health. Deprivation of one or both of these types of sleep can lead to negative effects on mood, cognitive functioning, and physical health. Therefore, the best choice is D, which includes both REM and slow-wave sleep as essential types of sleep for the body and mind.

Question 18

Problems associated with continued use of sedatives to treat insomnia include all of the following EXCEPT
A) the original dose of sedative becomes less effective.
B) sedatives increase the proportion of sleep time spent in both REM and slow-wave sleep.
C) sedatives reduce the proportion of sleep time spent in REM sleep.
D) sedatives reduce the proportion of sleep time spent in slow-wave sleep.

Accepted Answer

Sedatives increase the proportion of sleep time spent in both REM and slow-wave sleep. The other options listed are problems associated with continued use of sedatives to treat insomnia.

Question 19

Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri is suffering from
A) insomnia.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep apnea.
D) pseudoinsomnia.

Accepted Answer

Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early and not being able to go back to sleep. Since Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but has difficulty remaining asleep, she is experiencing insomnia.

Question 20

A disorder characterized by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods is
A) epilepsy.
B) narcolepsy.
C) hypersomnia.
D) sleep agnosia.

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods.

Quiz 9: Variations in Consciousness Part 1

Matthew has persistent early-morning awakening from sleep. He is MOST likely

Over the course of several nights Jack is selectively deprived of REM sleep and Jill deprived of slow-wave sleep. Which of the following BEST describes their pattern of sleeping when first allowed uninterrupted sleep?

Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is least accurate?

One recent study suggested that ____ treatments produce more long-lasting benefits in the treatment of insomnia than do drug therapies.

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Steve was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. When first allowed an uninterrupted night's sleep, Steve would

The most common known sleep disorder is

Mary occasionally takes a dose of melatonin in the afternoon. Most likely she takes it to help her

For the past two weeks Catlin has been taking a mild sedative to help her fall asleep. She is likely to find that

For the past week Laura has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though she goes to bed at her usual time, she lays awake for several hours before she finally drifts off to sleep. It appears that Laura is experiencing

Insomnia is best defined as referring to

Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a potential cause of insomnia?

The best estimates suggest that about what percentage of adults report problems with insomnia?

After being deprived of REM sleep for several days, when first allowed uninterrupted sleep people tend to spend additional time in REM sleep. This increase in REM sleep is called the

For the past two weeks Cameron has been taking a mild sedative to help him fall asleep. He is likely to find that

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Steve was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. As the number of nights in the study increased, Steve

Anne has noticed that for the past three weeks she is unable to sleep for more than five hours at a time, even though she used to regularly get 8 hours of sleep per night. She wakes early in the morning and just can't fall back to sleep once this happens. It appears that Anne has developed

Results from a variety of selective deprivation sleep studies have shown that people have a specific need for

Problems associated with continued use of sedatives to treat insomnia include all of the following EXCEPT

Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri is suffering from

A disorder characterized by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods is