Question 1

Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles are characteristic of stage 2 sleep. They occur as brief bursts of higher frequency EEG activity (around 12-14 Hz) during this stage, which is characterized by deeper sleep compared to stage 1. They do not typically occur in stage 1 or REM sleep, and stage 4 sleep is no longer recognized as a distinct stage of sleep by many sleep experts.

Question 2

Susan is a participant in a research study and will be hooked up to physiological devices while sleeping in a sleep lab for several nights. MOST likely it will take Susan ____ night(s) to adapt to sleeping in the sleep lab.

Accepted Answer

It typically takes one night for individuals to adapt to the new environment of a sleep lab, known as the "first-night effect."

Question 3

The stage of sleep in which the slowest brain waves occur is

Accepted Answer

Stage 4, also known as delta sleep, is characterized by the slowest brain waves called delta waves. This stage is also known as deep sleep and is associated with physical restoration and growth.

Question 4

The length of time it takes to fall asleep depends on an array of factors. These do NOT include

Accepted Answer

The factors that determine how long it takes to fall asleep do not include whether the person lives in an industrialized or non-industrialized country.

Question 5

An electroencephalograph (EEG) is recording Alyssa's brain activity. She has just entered Stage 1 sleep when there is a sudden, loud crash in the sleep lab. It is likely that

Accepted Answer

A sudden, loud crash in the sleep lab is likely to wake Alyssa from her relatively light sleep. This may cause her to enter a more alert state, such as Stage 2 or even wakefulness. The EEG will likely show a shift from theta waves, indicating Stage 1 sleep, to higher frequency waves associated with wakefulness or later stages of sleep. However, a flat line on the EEG is not necessarily expected, as this would indicate a lack of brain activity altogether. A sleep spindle is also unlikely to be recorded at the time of the crash, as sleep spindles typically occur during Stage 2 sleep. The noise of the crash may wake Alyssa up before it has a chance to be incorporated into her dream.

Question 6

Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, delta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Rebecca

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are characteristic of Stage 3 sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep. This stage is characterized by deep sleep, with slow brain waves and little body movement.  Therefore, the researcher can conclude that Rebecca has just entered Stage 3 sleep.

Question 7

Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves. Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3 and 4 are characterized by delta waves, which are the lowest frequency waves and indicate deep sleep. REM sleep is characterized by fast, desynchronized, and low-amplitude brain waves. Stage 1 and 2 are characterized by alpha and theta waves.

Question 8

An electroencephalograph (EEG) is recording Joseph's brain activity, and the recording is currently dominated by delta waves. Unexpectedly, there is a loud crash in the sleep lab. It is likely

Accepted Answer

The answer of An electroencephalograph (EEG) is recording Joseph's brain...

Question 9

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The answer of REM sleep is characterized by all of...

Question 10

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are referred to as

Accepted Answer

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are characterized by high amplitude, slow brain waves known as delta waves. Therefore, they are commonly referred to as slow-wave sleep.

Question 11

The brain wave pattern of a person in ____ sleep resembles the brain wave pattern observed when the individual is awake and alert.

Accepted Answer

During REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the brain wave pattern observed is similar to that of wakefulness. The brain is highly active during REM sleep, and this is the stage where most dreaming occurs.

Question 12

Philippe is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure his eye movements?

Accepted Answer

An electrooculograph is an instrument used to measure eye movements. It does this by measuring the electrical potential generated by the movement of the eyes. This is commonly used in sleep studies to monitor rapid eye movements (REM) which is an important marker of the sleep cycle. Electromyograph measures muscle activity, electroencephalographs measure brain activity and polygraph measures multiple physiological responses such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

Question 13

Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as

Accepted Answer

Theta waves are characteristic of stage 1 sleep. Alpha waves are typically present in relaxed wakefulness and REM sleep is a different stage altogether. Zeta waves do not exist in the standard EEG nomenclature.

Question 14

As a person falls into deeper sleep, his pattern of brain wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency and ____ in amplitude.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a person falls into deeper sleep,...

Question 15

Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, theta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Alexander

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph...

Question 16

Felicia is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

Accepted Answer

An electromyograph is used to measure muscle tension, while a circadiometer is used to measure circadian rhythms, an electroencephalograph is used to measure brain activity, and a polygraph is used to measure physiological responses associated with deception.

Question 17

Torri has just settled down to go to sleep. Based on averages, approximately how long will it take Torri to enter stage one sleep?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Torri has just settled down to go...

Question 18

Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall, late on a Friday afternoon. She starts to feel drowsy, and then falls into a light sleep. If her brain wave patterns were being monitored, they would show a shift from

Accepted Answer

As Victoria transitions from an alert state (listening to the lecture) to drowsiness and then light sleep, her brain-wave patterns would shift from beta waves (associated with alertness and wakefulness) to alpha waves (associated with relaxed, calm states) and finally to theta waves (associated with light sleep).

Question 19

Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, sleep spindles begin to appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Ryan

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles are a characteristic feature of Stage 2 sleep, which follows the lighter Stage 1 sleep. Therefore, the appearance of sleep spindles indicates that Ryan has just entered Stage 2 sleep.

Question 20

Which stage of sleep is characterized as a brief transitional stage during which theta waves are prominent?

Accepted Answer

Stage 1 is characterized as a brief transitional stage during which theta waves are prominent.

Quiz 9: Variations in Consciousness Part 1