Question 1

A person typically has ____ sleep cycles during the course of a night's sleep.
A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six

Accepted Answer

A person typically has four sleep cycles during the course of a night's sleep. Each sleep cycle lasts for around 90 minutes, and during each cycle, a person goes through different stages of sleep such as light sleep, deep sleep, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.

Question 2

A rapid EEG (beta waves), dreaming, rapid eye movements, and profound muscle relaxation go with
A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) relaxed wakefulness.

Accepted Answer

Rapid EEG (beta waves), dreaming, rapid eye movements, and profound muscle relaxation are characteristics of REM sleep. Stage 1 and stage 2 sleep are characterized by slower EEG activity, and while there may be some muscle relaxation, it is not as profound as seen in REM sleep. Relaxed wakefulness does not have the same EEG activity or muscle relaxation as REM sleep.

Question 3

REM periods of sleep tend to ____ as the night goes on.
A) deepen
B) lighten
C) shorten
D) lengthen

Accepted Answer

REM periods of sleep tend to lengthen as the night progresses, with longer REM episodes occurring during the second half of the sleep cycle.

Question 4

The paradox concerning REM sleep is while
A) it is a deep sleep, the person is easy to awaken.
B) it is a deep sleep, the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual.
C) the person is dreaming, the brain wave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed individual.
D) the person is dreaming, his muscles are practically paralyzed.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is a paradoxical sleep state where the brain wave pattern looks like the pattern of someone awake and alert, even though the person is deeply asleep. This is why it's called a paradox. The other choices are also true about REM sleep: A) it is a deep sleep, but the person is easy to awaken, and C) the brain wave pattern is relaxed like an awake person, and D) the muscles are practically paralyzed during REM sleep to prevent acting out dreams. However, only choice B captures the paradox of REM sleep.

Question 5

The majority of slow-wave sleep occurs ____ the course of a night's sleep.
A) early in
B) late in
C) in the middle of
D) evenly distributed throughout

Accepted Answer

Slow-wave sleep, also known as deep sleep, typically occurs earlier in the night during the first portion of the sleep cycle. As the night progresses, the amount of slow-wave sleep decreases and the amount of REM sleep (the stage associated with dreaming) increases.

Question 6

Dr. Everett is observing Robert in a sleep lab. Dr. Everett intends to wake Robert up each time he begins REM sleep. Based on the electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings, Robert should be awakened each time the EEG shows
A) alpha wave activity.
B) low-voltage, high frequency beta waves.
C) the presence of sleep spindles.
D) theta wave activity.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is characterized by low-voltage, high-frequency beta waves, similar to those seen in the awake state, which is why B is the correct answer. Alpha waves are associated with relaxed wakefulness, sleep spindles occur during stage 2 non-REM sleep, and theta waves are seen in light sleep stages.

Question 7

Dreaming is typically associated with
A) REM sleep.
B) stage 1 sleep.
C) stage 2 sleep.
D) stage 4 sleep.

Accepted Answer

Dreaming is most commonly associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, brain activity is high and resembles that of a waking state, despite the body being in a paralyzed state. Studies have shown that most vivid and memorable dreams occur during REM sleep.

Question 8

"Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep, probably because he was dreaming about boot camp." What is WRONG with this statement?
A) Sleep is a relaxed condition of the body and, as such, precludes physical activity.
B) Research shows that no dreaming takes place in REM sleep.
C) Research shows that we are virtually paralyzed in REM sleep.
D) Manny was never in boot camp so he is not likely to be dreaming about it.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that during REM sleep, our bodies are virtually paralyzed due to the mechanism called muscle atonia. Therefore, it is impossible for Manny to do calisthenics during REM sleep.

Question 9

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements you probably would report that you had
A) a headache.
B) been dreaming.
C) not been dreaming.
D) not really been asleep.

Accepted Answer

Rapid eye movement (REM) is a stage of sleep during which the brain is highly active and dreaming is most likely to occur. If someone is awakened during REM sleep, they are more likely to report that they had been dreaming. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 10

If you normally sleep eight hours each night, and last night you only slept for six hours, which stage of sleep would be MOST affected by the loss of total sleep time?
A) slow-wave
B) NREM
C) Stage 2
D) REM

Accepted Answer

REM sleep would be most affected by the loss of total sleep time. REM sleep occurs in cycles throughout the night, with each cycle typically lasting longer as the night progresses. The first cycle of REM typically occurs 90 minutes after falling asleep and lasts for only a few minutes, with each subsequent cycle lasting longer. As the night goes on, and each cycle of REM sleep becomes longer, the body has more time to undergo the restorative processes that occur during this stage of sleep. Therefore, if someone were to lose sleep and not get enough REM sleep, they may wake up feeling tired and groggy.

Question 11

During adulthood, there is a gradual decline in the proportion of
A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) slow-wave sleep.
D) all stages of NREM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Slow-wave sleep, also known as stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep, generally makes up less of the total sleep time in adults compared to in children and adolescents. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer. Choice A and B are incorrect because the proportion of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep does not significantly change during adulthood. Choice D is incorrect because it is too broad and not specific to any particular stage of NREM sleep.

Question 12

Olivia has trouble staying asleep for more than 4 hours at a time. Olivia is likely to experience
A) more vivid dreams than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
B) less REM sleep than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
C) less deep sleep than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
D) more sleep spindles than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Olivia has trouble staying asleep for more...

Question 13

The last dream period of the night is usually the
A) longest.
B) shortest.
C) best.
D) scariest.

Accepted Answer

The last dream period of the night is typically the longest because REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep cycles, where most dreaming occurs, lengthen as the night progresses.

Question 14

Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the most dreaming
A) toward the beginning of the night's sleep.
B) in the middle of the night's sleep.
C) in NREM sleep.
D) toward the end of the night's sleep.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we...

Question 15

During sleep, voluntary muscle activity
A) is at its lowest during REM sleep.
B) is at its highest during REM sleep.
C) does not occur in NREM sleep.
D) does not occur during either REM or NREM sleep.

Accepted Answer

During REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, voluntary muscle activity is at its lowest, which is why it is often called "paradoxical sleep." This is the stage of sleep where the brain is most active but the body is essentially paralyzed. In contrast, during NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, there may be some muscle activity, such as shifting in bed or snoring, but it is not voluntary movement. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect.

Question 16

Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. She has been asleep for just over an hour now, and her EEG is showing low amplitude, irregular brain wave patterns. Her breathing and pulse rate are irregular, and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids. The researcher who is monitoring Bailey's sleep can conclude that Bailey
A) has just entered REM sleep.
B) has just entered Stage 4 sleep.
C) is experiencing sleep anoxia and needs immediate medical attention.
D) suffers from a sleep disorder.

Accepted Answer

The low amplitude, irregular brain wave patterns, along with irregular breathing and pulse rate, and rapid eye movements beneath closed eyelids are all classic signs of REM sleep.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep?
A) heightened muscle tension
B) dreaming
C) irregular breathing
D) irregular pulse rate

Accepted Answer

Heightened muscle tension is not associated with REM sleep. In fact, during REM sleep, our muscles are typically very relaxed, to the point of almost being paralyzed, in order to prevent us from physically acting out our dreams.

Question 18

NREM sleep consists of which stages of sleep?
A) Stages 1 and 2
B) Stages 1, 2 and 3
C) Stages 3 and 4
D) Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4

Accepted Answer

NREM sleep consists of stages 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Question 19

In general, as the cycle of sleep recurs through the night, it tends to contain
A) more stage 4 and less REM.
B) more stage 4 and more REM.
C) less stage 4 and less REM.
D) less stage 4 and more REM.

Accepted Answer

As the night progresses, there is a decrease in the amount of deep sleep (stage 4) and an increase in the amount of REM sleep. This is known as the sleep cycle and typically lasts for about 90 minutes. Therefore, less stage 4 (deep sleep) and more REM sleep occur towards the end of the sleep cycle.

Question 20

You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping. She is tossing and turning. It is most likely that Melissa is currently in
A) NREM sleep and she is acting out a dream she is experiencing.
B) REM sleep and is acting out a dream that she is experiencing.
C) NREM sleep and her movements are random.
D) REM sleep and her movements are random.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are observing your friend Melissa while...

Quiz 9: Variations in Consciousness Part 1

A person typically has ____ sleep cycles during the course of a night's sleep.

A rapid EEG (beta waves) , dreaming, rapid eye movements, and profound muscle relaxation go with

REM periods of sleep tend to ____ as the night goes on.

The paradox concerning REM sleep is while

The majority of slow-wave sleep occurs ____ the course of a night's sleep.

Dr. Everett is observing Robert in a sleep lab. Dr. Everett intends to wake Robert up each time he begins REM sleep. Based on the electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings, Robert should be awakened each time the EEG shows

Dreaming is typically associated with

"Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep, probably because he was dreaming about boot camp." What is WRONG with this statement?

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements you probably would report that you had

If you normally sleep eight hours each night, and last night you only slept for six hours, which stage of sleep would be MOST affected by the loss of total sleep time?

During adulthood, there is a gradual decline in the proportion of

Olivia has trouble staying asleep for more than 4 hours at a time. Olivia is likely to experience

The last dream period of the night is usually the

Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the most dreaming

During sleep, voluntary muscle activity

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep?

NREM sleep consists of which stages of sleep?

In general, as the cycle of sleep recurs through the night, it tends to contain

You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping. She is tossing and turning. It is most likely that Melissa is currently in