Question 1

The first step in the memory process is __________ information in a form that the memory system can use.
A)encoding
B)storing
C)retrieving
D)evaluating

Accepted Answer

The first step in the memory process is encoding, which involves taking sensory information and transforming it into a form that can be stored in memory. Encoding may involve the use of various strategies, such as rehearsal, elaboration, or organization, to enhance the likelihood that the information will be remembered later. The other options, storing, retrieving, and evaluating, are all subsequent steps in the memory process.

Question 2

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.
A)repetitive
B)imagery
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating information over and over again in order to keep it stored in short-term memory, with no attempt to attach any meaning to that information.

Question 3

When someone looks at an image,the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them.This process is called __________.
A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Accepted Answer

Encoding is necessary for interpretation as the information must be sent to the brain.

Question 4

Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F.Kennedy was assassinated,although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated.This is an example of ______.
A)an eidetic image
B)a flashbulb memory
C)a semantic memory
D)a procedural memory

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a flashbulb memory,which is like a flash picture of a highly emotional event and is not always accurate.

Question 5

________ encoding is a sort of mental glue that helps you connect new information that you want to remember to older information that has previously been stored in long-term memory.
A)Structured
B)Eidetic
C)Elaborative
D)Spaced

Accepted Answer

This is an oft-used strategy for enhancing the process of encoding.By connecting "new" information to "old" information,it is easier to pull the new data into our memory storage facilities.

Question 6

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ________________.
A)processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered
B)analyzing new material in order to make it memorable
C)associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory
D)repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating or rehearsing information over and over again to maintain it in short-term memory. This is often done in order to prevent the information from being forgotten before it can be transferred to long-term memory. Choice A refers to encoding, choice B refers to elaborative rehearsal, and choice C refers to association.

Question 7

A memory cannot be encoded unless you are
A)using elaborative rehearsal.
B)invoking maintenance rehearsal.
C)using automatic encoding.
D)paying attention.

Accepted Answer

Paying attention is necessary for the encoding of a memory. Without attention, the information will not be fully processed and may not be stored in long-term memory. Elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal refer to different ways in which information can be processed and transferred to long-term memory, but attention is necessary for both processes. Automatic encoding may occur in some situations, but it is not necessary for encoding all types of information.

Question 8

You are telling your friend about a trip you took to Sea World when you were a child.During the middle of the show,the trainer slipped,fell into the water,and was nearly killed.You can remember the scene as if it happened yesterday.This is an example of which type of memory?
A)phantom
B)semantic
C)flashbulb
D)procedural

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are most likely to form when the event in question is surprising or highly emotional to the person.

Question 9

The processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval are seen as part of the __________ model of memory.
A)information-processing
B)top-down storage
C)classical conditioning
D)cognitive model proposed by Tolman

Accepted Answer

The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are key components of the information-processing model of memory, which views memory as a series of operations similar to those of a computer. This model proposes that information is encoded, stored, and retrieved in a series of stages, with attention, rehearsal, and elaboration among the key processes involved in encoding. The information is then stored in long-term memory, where it can be retrieved when needed through recognition or recall.

Question 10

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?
A)Craik and Lockhart's model
B)extinction
C)information-processing model
D)parallel distributed processing model

Accepted Answer

The information-processing model of memory uses the way a computer functions as its model for human memory acquisition and storage.

Question 11

________ involves three key processes - encoding information,storing it,and retrieving it at some later point.
A)Memory
B)Consciousness
C)Attention
D)Learning

Accepted Answer

The three key processes mentioned in the statement are related to memory function: encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Consciousness and attention are also related to cognitive processes, but they do not fully encompass the three key processes mentioned in the statement. Learning is also related to memory function, but it is not the correct answer because it only refers to the acquisition of new knowledge or skills, and does not necessarily involve the storage and retrieval of information.

Question 12

Which of the following situations is most likely to create a flashbulb memory?
A)watching a favorite movie for the fifteenth time
B)playing tennis with a friend
C)finding out that one or one's partner is pregnant
D)attending a basketball game with one's father and grandfather

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are most likely to form when the event in question is surprising or highly emotional to the person.

Question 13

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are __________.
A)sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory
B)CS,UCS,UR,and CR
C)encoding,storage,and retrieval
D)shallow,medium,and deep processing

Accepted Answer

The three parts of the information-processing model are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Choice B refers to the classical conditioning model, Choice C refers to the three-stage memory model, and Choice D is a different approach to memory processing.

Question 14

In the depth-of-processing model of memory,information that gets processed at a __________ level is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level.
A)deeper; shallower
B)shallower; deeper
C)higher; lower
D)lower; higher

Accepted Answer

According to the depth-of-processing model,deeper processing results in better memory,whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.

Question 15

When people hear a sound,their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve,which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound.This process is called __________.
A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Accepted Answer

Encoding starts with sensory processing and sending the information to the brain.

Question 16

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______.
A)eidetic images
B)elaborative rehearsals
C)flashbulb memories
D)eyewitness images

Accepted Answer

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called flashbulb memories. Eidetic images involve intense concentration on an image or object, elaborative rehearsals are strategies used to encode information into long-term memory, and eyewitness images are memories of what a person saw during a crime or accident.

Question 17

__________ is defined as the brain's ability to analyze,use,store,and retrieve many types of information.
A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Learning
D)Memory

Accepted Answer

The given definition is describing the concept of memory, which involves the brain's ability to encode, store, and retrieve various types of information. Classical and operant conditioning are forms of learning, which are related but not equivalent to memory.

Question 18

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that:
A)decay does not occur for these memories.
B)interference does not occur for these memories.
C)these memories are often the result of reconstruction rather than true memories.
D)they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that flashbulb memories are not completely immune to errors and can still be influenced by other factors such as the passage of time, misinformation, and personal biases. Therefore, they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory.

Question 19

Someone a short distance away,to whom you have been paying no attention,quietly speaks your name,and suddenly you attend to that person.This is an example of __________.
A)Broadbent's process of selective memory
B)the phi phenomenon
C)the cocktail party effect
D)cue-controlled inhibition

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the cocktail party effect,which refers to hearing your name stand out in a crowded situation (such as a cocktail party).

Question 20

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of __________.
A)Broadbent's forgetting theory
B)the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C)attention
D)intimacy

Accepted Answer

This is an example of attention,as you are only focusing on what interests you.

Quiz 6: Memory

The first step in the memory process is __________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.

When someone looks at an image,the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them.This process is called __________.

Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F.Kennedy was assassinated,although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated.This is an example of ______.

________ encoding is a sort of mental glue that helps you connect new information that you want to remember to older information that has previously been stored in long-term memory.

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ________________.

A memory cannot be encoded unless you are

You are telling your friend about a trip you took to Sea World when you were a child.During the middle of the show,the trainer slipped,fell into the water,and was nearly killed.You can remember the scene as if it happened yesterday.This is an example of which type of memory?

The processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval are seen as part of the __________ model of memory.

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

________ involves three key processes - encoding information,storing it,and retrieving it at some later point.

Which of the following situations is most likely to create a flashbulb memory?

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are __________.

In the depth-of-processing model of memory,information that gets processed at a level is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a level.

When people hear a sound,their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve,which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound.This process is called __________.

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______.

__________ is defined as the brain's ability to analyze,use,store,and retrieve many types of information.

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that:

Someone a short distance away,to whom you have been paying no attention,quietly speaks your name,and suddenly you attend to that person.This is an example of __________.

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of __________.