Question 1

Which of the following would take most people the longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)?
A)grape
B)apple
C)orange
D)olive

Accepted Answer

Most people would take longest to identify an olive as a fruit because it has the fewest characteristics of the prototype of "fruit."

Question 2

A schema is:
A)a flexible mental framework.
B)the best example of a concept.
C)a methodical problem solving procedure.
D)a nefarious plot.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and understand information. It is flexible in that it can be adapted and modified as new information is learned.

Question 3

Einstein's famous E = mc²is an example of a(n)________ because it guarantees that you will solve the problem in question sooner or later. A)script B)heuristic C)schema D)algorithm

Accepted Answer

E = mc²is a formula guaranteed to produce a correct solution.

Question 4

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car.Ray immediately understands why,because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars.Ray is using mental categories called:
A)classes.
B)concepts.
C)attributes.
D)classifications.

Accepted Answer

Ray is using mental categories called concepts,which are ideas that represent a category of objects or events.

Question 5

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room,and then closing the door to that room after she leaves.She is using what type of problem solving strategy?
A)a heuristic
B)an attribution
C)an algorithm
D)a hunch

Accepted Answer

Although time-consuming,Talia's strategy is systematic and guaranteed to yield the cat.

Question 6

__________ are individual instances,or examples,of a concept that are stored in memory from personal experiences.
A)Images
B)Prototypes
C)Exemplars
D)Schemas

Accepted Answer

Exemplars are individual examples of a concept that are stored in memory from personal experiences. They can be used to make comparisons and judgments about new stimuli that are encountered. Images refer to mental pictures or visual representations of objects or scenes, prototypes are idealized representations of a concept, and schemas are mental frameworks or structures that organize information.

Question 7

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course,which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class,students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area.Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call:
A)heuristics.
B)divergent thinking.
C)algorithms.
D)mental sets.

Accepted Answer

If applied correctly,the formulas are guaranteed to produce a correct answer.

Question 8

Which of the following alternatives best captures the relationship between the concept of a schema and that of a script?
A)The concept of a schema is unrelated to that of a script.
B)The concept of a script is broader than that of a schema.
C)The concept of a script is narrower that of a schema.
D)The concept of a schema is similar to that of a stereotype.

Accepted Answer

A script is a specific type of schema.

Question 9

The fact that you recognize Great Danes,Dachshunds,Collies,and Chihuahuas as all being dogs exemplifies your use of mental representations called:
A)algorithms.
B)scripts.
C)images.
D)concepts.

Accepted Answer

A concept helps to organize information based on shared features or qualities.

Question 10

Your mental representation of a car is an example of a(n)________,whereas your representation of the way to behave at a new restaurant is an example of a(n)_________.
A)heuristic; algorithm
B)concept; script
C)script; concept
D)concept; heuristic

Accepted Answer

A concept refers to an object,whereas a script refers to a series of actions or behaviors.

Question 11

Concepts are best defined as ideas that represent:
A)categories of objects sharing certain attributes.
B)sensory experiences.
C)sequences of familiar events or routine activities.
D)successful problem solving strategies.

Accepted Answer

Concepts are mental representations of categories of objects that have certain attributes or characteristics in common.

Question 12

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course,Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by what he saw on talk shows.He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on television.What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?
A)Gary learned the value of algorithms.
B)Gary now uses heuristics.
C)The course increased Gary's ability to use visual imagery.
D)The course altered Gary's schema of psychological disorders.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered his mental organization of what psychological disorders are,because of the new information presented to him.

Question 13

A prototype is:
A)a group of objects sharing some common features.
B)the first example of a concept that one encounters.
C)the most unusual or distinctive example of a concept.
D)the best or most typical example of a concept.

Accepted Answer

A prototype is the best or most typical example of a concept. It is used as a model to represent and test the functionality of a product or idea.

Question 14

The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example drawn from a larger category is called the:
A)schema.
B)prototype.
C)exemplar.
D)algorithm.

Accepted Answer

A prototype refers to the most typical example of a concept.

Question 15

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution,provided that one exists?
A)a heuristic
B)an algorithm
C)a script
D)a mental set

Accepted Answer

An algorithm is a systematic problem-solving method that guarantees a solution, provided that one exists. It is a step-by-step procedure that always produces the correct solution, making it ideal for solving complex and critical problems. In contrast, a heuristic is a simplified problem-solving procedure that may not always result in a correct solution. A script is a sequence of expected behaviors, while a mental set is an inclination or tendency to approach similar problems in the same way.

Question 16

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a mental representation formed by combining the characteristics of a class of objects or events.
A)script
B)concept
C)mental set
D)heuristic

Accepted Answer

The term used by psychologists to refer to a mental representation formed by combining the characteristics of a class of objects or events is concept. A concept is a mental category that groups similar objects, events, or people. This psychological term refers to the way that individuals categorize similar items or experiences so that they can better comprehend their environment. Concepts are important because they allow people to communicate about the shared features of different groups of things or events.

Question 17

An advantage of algorithms over heuristics is that:
A)algorithms are less cognitively demanding than heuristics are.
B)algorithms are faster to use than heuristics are.
C)algorithms take advantage of convenient mental sets.
D)algorithms guarantee a correct solution.

Accepted Answer

If applied correctly,algorithms guarantee the problem's solution,even though they take more time and effort to use than heuristics do.

Question 18

The term ________ is used to reflect all mental processes involved in knowing.
A)cognition
B)thinking
C)memory
D)perception

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term ________ is used to reflect...

Question 19

Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen when he walks in the classroom: He assumes students will assemble,take notes,and occasionally ask a question.That Dr.Tranh finds the process so routine most clearly reflects the development of a(n):
A)mental set.
B)prototype.
C)script.
D)algorithm.

Accepted Answer

Giving a lecture is a familiar event or routine activity for Dr.Tranh.

Question 20

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?
A)glider
B)car
C)scooter
D)bicycle

Accepted Answer

The most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle" is a car,because it is most familiar to folks today.

Quiz 7: Cognitive Processes

Which of the following would take most people the longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit) ?

A schema is:

Einstein's famous E = mc²is an example of a(n) ________ because it guarantees that you will solve the problem in question sooner or later.

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car.Ray immediately understands why,because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars.Ray is using mental categories called:

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room,and then closing the door to that room after she leaves.She is using what type of problem solving strategy?

__________ are individual instances,or examples,of a concept that are stored in memory from personal experiences.

Which of the following alternatives best captures the relationship between the concept of a schema and that of a script?

The fact that you recognize Great Danes,Dachshunds,Collies,and Chihuahuas as all being dogs exemplifies your use of mental representations called:

Your mental representation of a car is an example of a(n) ,whereas your representation of the way to behave at a new restaurant is an example of a(n) _.

Concepts are best defined as ideas that represent:

A prototype is:

The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example drawn from a larger category is called the:

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution,provided that one exists?

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a mental representation formed by combining the characteristics of a class of objects or events.

An advantage of algorithms over heuristics is that:

The term ________ is used to reflect all mental processes involved in knowing.

Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen when he walks in the classroom: He assumes students will assemble,take notes,and occasionally ask a question.That Dr.Tranh finds the process so routine most clearly reflects the development of a(n) :

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?