Question 1

A recovering alcoholic who hasn't had a drink in over a year,Tony still sometimes craves a drink when he sees a beer commercial on television.This craving is likely due to:
A)psychological dependence.
B)physical dependence.
C)the placebo effect.
D)drug tolerance.

Accepted Answer

The fact that Tony still craves alcohol when he sees a beer commercial suggests that he is experiencing psychological dependence. Physical dependence is characterized by withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not present in the body, which is not indicated in this scenario. The placebo effect and drug tolerance are also not applicable in this context.

Question 2

Which drug will animals NOT self-administer?
A)heroin
B)MDMA (Ecstasy)
C)phencyclidine (PCP)
D)mescaline (shrooms)

Accepted Answer

Mescaline (shrooms) is a hallucinogen and animals are not known to self-administer hallucinogens. On the other hand, heroin, MDMA (Ecstasy), and phencyclidine (PCP) are drugs that animals have been shown to self-administer in laboratory studies.

Question 3

The presence of _____ when the use of an addictive drug is stopped may result in _____ drug use.
A)withdrawal symptoms;suppression of further
B)euphoria;suppression of further
C)withdrawal symptoms;further
D)drug urges;suppression of further

Accepted Answer

When an addictive drug is stopped, withdrawal symptoms arise which include physical and psychological symptoms. These symptoms can lead to further drug use as the individual seeks relief from the discomfort. Therefore, choice C (withdrawal symptoms; further drug use) is the best answer.

Question 4

A regular heroin user,Johnny will become very sick if he goes a half day without using.This BEST illustrates:
A)drug tolerance.
B)physical dependence.
C)psychological dependence.
D)the role of expectancy effects.

Accepted Answer

Physical dependence refers to the adaptive changes that take place in the body due to regular drug use. This can result in withdrawal symptoms when the drug is no longer taken, as is the case with Johnny who becomes very sick if he goes a half day without using heroin.

Question 5

When he began drinking alcohol,Patrick would drink two beers after work to feel relaxed.Six months later,Patrick needs to drink a six-pack of beer to feel the same level of relaxation.This illustrates:
A)drug tolerance.
B)withdrawal.
C)a placebo effect.
D)expectancy effects.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described exemplifies drug tolerance, which occurs when a person needs higher doses of a substance over time to achieve the same effect. In this case, Patrick needs more beer to feel relaxed, suggesting that his body has become tolerant to the effects of alcohol.

Question 6

The term _____ refers to all chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system.
A)teratogens
B)psychoactive drugs
C)hallucinogens
D)inhalents

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs refer to substances that affect the brain's chemical activity and alter consciousness and behavior. Teratogens are substances that can harm a developing fetus. Hallucinogens and inhalants are specific types of psychoactive drugs.

Question 7

Peggy cut back on her coffee consumption and quickly developed a headache.This withdrawal symptom BEST illustrates:
A)drug tolerance.
B)physical dependence.
C)psychological dependence.
D)caffeine myopia.

Accepted Answer

Peggy's headache is a common withdrawal symptom that occurs when someone who is physically dependent on a substance, such as caffeine, reduces or stops their consumption. This suggests that Peggy's body has become dependent on the caffeine in coffee, resulting in physical withdrawal symptoms. Therefore, option B, physical dependence, is the best answer.

Question 8

During a dream,the areas of the brain associated with visual _____ are activated.
A)sensation
B)perception
C)illusions
D)imagery

Accepted Answer

During a dream, the areas of the brain associated with visual imagery are activated.

Question 9

Adolpho is dreaming.Which brain region is likely to be MOST active?
A)thalamus
B)prefrontal cortex
C)amygdala
D)pineal gland

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, which are often present in dreams, and is therefore likely to be the most active brain region during dreams.

Question 10

Research involving animals self-administering drugs suggests that which drug or drug class is LEAST likely to be abused?
A)depressants
B)marijuana
C)antipsychotics
D)stimulants

Accepted Answer

Research involving animals self-administering drugs has shown that antipsychotics are least likely to be abused. Animals tend to avoid self-administering drugs that produce sedative effects, as they prefer to maintain alertness and attention levels for survival and safety. As antipsychotics are primarily used to treat psychotic disorders, they have a calming effect and suppress the dopamine reward system associated with drug abuse, making them less appealing for abuse.

Question 11

During REM sleep,the motor cortex is activated,but the body is very still.This pattern occurs because _____ running through the brain stem _____ motor activation.
A)dendrites;signal
B)neurotransmitters;antagonize
C)sensory neurons;inhibit
D)spinal neurons;inhibit

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the brain is active, but the body remains still due to the inhibition of motor signals by spinal neurons in the brain stem, preventing movement.

Question 12

Marilyn often mentions to her friends that she craves a cigarette after meals,even though she has not smoked in more than 5 years.This craving is likely due to:
A)psychological dependence.
B)physical dependence.
C)the placebo effect.
D)drug tolerance.

Accepted Answer

Cravings after quitting smoking are often due to psychological dependence rather than physical dependence. The habit of smoking after meals has become a conditioned response, causing Marilyn to experience a craving even though her body is not physically addicted to nicotine anymore.

Question 13

The brain region that is very active during a nightmare is the:
A)prefrontal cortex.
B)primary visual cortex.
C)olfactory bulb.
D)amygdala.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known to be involved in processing emotions, particularly those related to fear and anxiety. During a nightmare, the amygdala is very active, which is why we can experience such intense and vivid emotions during these dreams.

Question 14

Because of her insomnia,Mia's physician prescribed sleeping pills to help her fall asleep.Over time,Mia has had to increase the dosage she takes in order to fall asleep,indicating that she has developed a(n)_____ the medication.
A)adverse reaction to
B)withdrawal syndrome for
C)tolerance for
D)internal neural synthesis for

Accepted Answer

Tolerance occurs when a person needs to take increasing amounts of a drug to achieve the same effect as when they first started taking it. This is a common symptom of long-term use of sleeping pills.

Question 15

Which statement concerning studies of cocaine self-administration by rats is FALSE?
A)Rats will learn to press a lever if doing so produces a cocaine injection.
B)Rats frequently will choose cocaine over sweets.
C)Rats will increase their intake of cocaine over time.
D)Rats will occasionally binge on cocaine to the point of giving themselves convulsions.

Accepted Answer

Rats prefer cocaine to sweets only if they have no prior experience with cocaine.

Question 16

Which brain region decreases in arousal during REM sleep?
A)amygdala
B)brain stem
C)prefrontal cortex
D)visual association area

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the prefrontal cortex decreases in arousal, leading to reduced rational thought, self-awareness, and decision making.

Question 17

Freudian theory and the activation-synthesis model:
A)both believe that dreams begin with meaning.
B)both believe that dreams begin randomly.
C)differ in that Freud believed dreams begin with meaning and do not originate randomly.
D)differ in that the activation-synthesis model states that dreams begin with meaning and do not originate randomly.

Accepted Answer

Freudian theory posits that dreams are meaningful and are expressions of our unconscious desires, while the activation-synthesis model suggests that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

Question 18

The fact that dreams feel unplanned and rambling has been attributed to _____ of the _____.
A)inhibition;amygdala
B)deactivation;prefrontal cortex
C)inhibition;visual association cortex
D)activation;amygdala

Accepted Answer

The deactivation of the prefrontal cortex during sleep has been linked to the lack of planning and organization in dream content, as this region is responsible for executive functions such as decision-making and rational thinking.

Question 19

New smokers often progress from their first cigarette to smoking a half to a full pack a day in just a few weeks,illustrating:
A)drug tolerance.
B)withdrawal.
C)a placebo effect.
D)expectancy effects.

Accepted Answer

Drug tolerance occurs when the body becomes less responsive to a substance, requiring an individual to consume more to achieve the same effect. New smokers needing to smoke more over time to satisfy their cravings is an example of developing tolerance to nicotine.

Question 20

Rick needed more and more morphine to control his pain after surgery;his doctor realized that Rick was developing a(n)_____ morphine.
A)adverse reaction to
B)withdrawal syndrome for
C)tolerance for
D)internal neural synthesis for

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the phenomenon where a person requires larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect as before. In the case of Rick, he required more and more morphine to manage his pain, which suggests that he was developing tolerance to the drug. Adverse reactions refer to harmful side effects of the drug, withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms experienced when a person stops using an addictive substance, and internal neural synthesis refers to the natural production of morphine-like substances in the body, which is not relevant in this context.

Quiz 5: Consciousness-Part A

A recovering alcoholic who hasn't had a drink in over a year,Tony still sometimes craves a drink when he sees a beer commercial on television.This craving is likely due to:

Which drug will animals NOT self-administer?

The presence of _ when the use of an addictive drug is stopped may result in _ drug use.

A regular heroin user,Johnny will become very sick if he goes a half day without using.This BEST illustrates:

When he began drinking alcohol,Patrick would drink two beers after work to feel relaxed.Six months later,Patrick needs to drink a six-pack of beer to feel the same level of relaxation.This illustrates:

The term _____ refers to all chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system.

Peggy cut back on her coffee consumption and quickly developed a headache.This withdrawal symptom BEST illustrates:

During a dream,the areas of the brain associated with visual _____ are activated.

Adolpho is dreaming.Which brain region is likely to be MOST active?

Research involving animals self-administering drugs suggests that which drug or drug class is LEAST likely to be abused?

During REM sleep,the motor cortex is activated,but the body is very still.This pattern occurs because _ running through the brain stem _ motor activation.

Marilyn often mentions to her friends that she craves a cigarette after meals,even though she has not smoked in more than 5 years.This craving is likely due to:

The brain region that is very active during a nightmare is the:

Because of her insomnia,Mia's physician prescribed sleeping pills to help her fall asleep.Over time,Mia has had to increase the dosage she takes in order to fall asleep,indicating that she has developed a(n) _____ the medication.

Which statement concerning studies of cocaine self-administration by rats is FALSE?

Which brain region decreases in arousal during REM sleep?

Freudian theory and the activation-synthesis model:

The fact that dreams feel unplanned and rambling has been attributed to _ of the _.

New smokers often progress from their first cigarette to smoking a half to a full pack a day in just a few weeks,illustrating:

Rick needed more and more morphine to control his pain after surgery;his doctor realized that Rick was developing a(n) _____ morphine.