Question 1

As a newly graduated registered nurse,Monica begins working the night shift.Her struggle to stay alert at work is probably due to an interruption of her usual:
A)hypnogogic state.
B)REM sleep pattern.
C)circadian rhythm.
D)pattern of sleep spindles.

Accepted Answer

The struggle to stay alert during night shift work is likely due to a disruption of the circadian rhythm, which is the body's internal 24-hour clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Working during a time when the body is accustomed to sleeping can make it difficult to stay awake and alert. Hypnogogic state, REM sleep pattern, and sleep spindles are all types of sleep stages and not relevant to the disruption of circadian rhythm during night shift work.

Question 2

Stage 2 sleep is associated with:
A)sleep spindles.
B)beta waves.
C)alpha waves.
D)delta waves.

Accepted Answer

Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles and K-complexes on an EEG recording. Beta waves are associated with wakefulness, alpha waves with relaxation, and delta waves with deep sleep (i.e. in later stages of sleep).

Question 3

When questioned by her parents about her pattern of late-night activity followed by oversleeping,Meadow might correctly attribute her rest-activity cycle to the fact that she is a _____-hour person living in a _____-hour world.
A)23;24
B)24;25
C)25;23
D)25;24

Accepted Answer

Humans have a natural circadian rhythm that is closer to 25 hours, but we live in a 24-hour world, which can lead to patterns like staying up late and oversleeping.

Question 4

If a person is awake and driving a car,a recording of the brain's EEG pattern would probably contain a considerable number of _____ waves.
A)beta
B)kappa
C)alpha
D)delta

Accepted Answer

Beta waves are associated with alertness and wakefulness, and are typically present when a person is engaged in focused mental activity, such as driving a car. Therefore, a recording of the brain's EEG pattern while a person is awake and driving a car would probably contain a considerable number of beta waves. Kappa waves are not a known type of brain wave. Alpha waves are typically present when a person is relaxed or meditating, and delta waves are associated with deep sleep.

Question 5

The hypnagogic state of consciousness occurs:
A)as we begin to fall asleep.
B)while we are dreaming.
C)in the deepest stages of sleep.
D)as we are waking up.

Accepted Answer

The hypnagogic state of consciousness occurs as we begin to fall asleep. It is a transitional state between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by vivid sensory experiences, such as hallucinations, and a feeling of disorientation or confusion.

Question 6

The brain waves associated with the first stage of sleep are called _____ waves.
A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Accepted Answer

Theta waves are the brain waves associated with the first stage of sleep. Alpha waves are associated with relaxation and daydreaming, beta waves with alertness and concentration, and delta waves with deep sleep.

Question 7

Based on EEG records,it appears that sleep can be divided into _____ phases.
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Accepted Answer

Sleep is divided into five phases: four stages of non-REM sleep and one stage of REM sleep.

Question 8

According to dual-process theory,which function would NOT be processed by the "fast" System 1?
A)identifying the correct answer to challenging multiple-choice questions on an exam
B)reading the words to multiple-choice questions on an exam
C)walking to class while preoccupied with an exam
D)writing your name on an exam

Accepted Answer

Identifying the correct answer to challenging multiple-choice questions on an exam requires deliberate and conscious processing, which is associated with the slower System 2. The fast System 1 is better suited for automatic and routine tasks, such as reading and writing, or walking while distracted.

Question 9

Being fully awake is to quiet resting as:
A)beta-wave activity is to delta-wave activity.
B)sleep spindles are to rapid eye movements.
C)beta-wave activity is to alpha-wave activity.
D)theta-wave activity is to beta-wave activity.

Accepted Answer

Beta-wave activity is associated with being fully awake, while alpha-wave activity is associated with quiet resting.

Question 10

In the absence of clocks,miners trapped underground for several weeks probably will adopt a rest-activity cycle that is _____ hours in length.
A)less than 23
B)about 24
C)about 25
D)more than 26

Accepted Answer

In the absence of external time cues such as daylight and clocks, humans tend to have an internal body clock with a slightly longer than 24-hour cycle, known as the circadian rhythm. Studies have shown that when people are isolated from external time cues for extended periods of time, their body clocks tend to drift towards a longer cycle length of around 25 hours. Therefore, it is likely that miners trapped underground for several weeks would adopt a rest-activity cycle that is about 25 hours in length.

Question 11

As manager of a new movie theater,Ralph arranged to have messages about popcorn and candy flashed on the screen during the movie so quickly that they were outside of conscious awareness.Messages like this are called:
A)subliminal stimuli.
B)ironic processes of mental control.
C)preconscious stimuli.
D)flashbulb stimulation.

Accepted Answer

Messages that are presented so quickly that they are outside of conscious awareness are called subliminal stimuli. Ralph's messages about popcorn and candy being flashed on the screen during the movie fit this description.

Question 12

Greenwald (1992)presented the words "enemy loses" subliminally to participants.These participants then:
A)began to feel positive emotions.
B)began to think of negative things.
C)were more likely to donate to their preferred political party.
D)subsequently overestimated their likelihood of winning an arm-wrestling match.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Greenwald (1992)presented the words "enemy loses" subliminally...

Question 13

In a study on roommate preference,people who had to choose which of three hypothetical candidates would make the best roommate made the BEST decision when:
A)they were allowed to deliberate over the pros and cons of each person.
B)they were forced to make a snap decision immediately after hearing the description of the three people.
C)they were given time to unconsciously deliberate on the potential roommates while they were actively engaged in an unrelated problem-solving task.
D)the descriptions of the potential roommates were presented subliminally instead of consciously.

Accepted Answer

Research in decision-making suggests that for complex decisions, allowing the brain to work on the problem unconsciously (often referred to as "sleeping on it") can lead to better outcomes. This is because the unconscious mind can process information and make connections that the conscious mind may not immediately see. Option C, which involves giving individuals time to unconsciously deliberate while being distracted by another task, aligns with this principle by allowing the brain to process the information in the background, leading to potentially better decision-making outcomes.

Question 14

Dreaming is considered to be a(n):
A)form of unconsciousness.
B)altered state of consciousness.
C)normal state of consciousness.
D)period during which our brain is turned off.

Accepted Answer

Dreaming is considered an altered state of consciousness because it involves a different level of awareness and perception than our waking state. Our cognitive processes, sensory perceptions, and emotional experiences are all altered during dreaming, and we often have little control over what happens in our dreams. While we are still technically conscious while dreaming, it is a different type of consciousness than our waking state.

Question 15

A circadian rhythm is a naturally occurring _____ cycle.
A)8-hour
B)24-hour
C)28-day
D)365-day

Accepted Answer

A circadian rhythm is a natural biological cycle that lasts about 24 hours.

Question 16

According to dual-process theory,which function would NOT be processed by the "slow" System 2?
A)debating about what major a college student should declare
B)answering reading-comprehension questions on a standardized college entrance exam
C)reading the words to a question on an exam
D)considering how best to answer an essay question in the allotted time and space

Accepted Answer

System 2 is characterized by slower, more deliberate, and analytical thinking, typically involved in complex decision-making and problem-solving tasks. Reading the words to a question on an exam is a more automatic and quick process, generally associated with System 1, which handles fast, automatic, and intuitive tasks.

Question 17

In a study on the effects of subliminal persuasion,Bargh and colleagues (1996)found that students exposed to words commonly associated with aging (for example,Florida,gray,wrinkled):
A)talked more about their grandparents in the debriefing session following the study than did those not exposed to the "aging" words.
B)walked more slowly down the hall as they were leaving the study than did those not exposed to the "aging" words.
C)were more likely to agree to volunteer at a senior citizen center when asked immediately following the study than were those not exposed to the "aging" words.
D)rated saving for retirement as more important immediately following the study than did those not exposed to the "aging" words.

Accepted Answer

The study found that students exposed to words commonly associated with aging walked more slowly down the hall as they were leaving the study compared to those not exposed to the "aging" words. This suggests that subliminal persuasion can have an unconscious impact on behavior.

Question 18

Slow-wave sleep is also known as:
A)REM sleep.
B)hypnopompic sleep.
C)stages 3 and 4 sleep.
D)stage 5 sleep.

Accepted Answer

Slow-wave sleep refers to stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep, which are characterized by slow brain waves and deep sleep. REM sleep is a separate stage of sleep that is not considered slow-wave sleep. Hypnopompic sleep refers to the transitional state between sleep and wakefulness, specifically upon awakening. Stage 5 sleep does not exist, as there are only four stages of sleep.

Question 19

A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind is called:
A)an altered state of consciousness.
B)a hypnogogic state of consciousness.
C)subliminal consciousness.
D)the collective unconscious.

Accepted Answer

An altered state of consciousness refers to a state of mind that significantly deviates from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind. Examples of altered states of consciousness include hypnosis, meditation, drug use, and sleep.

Question 20

Sometimes people experience sensations of falling while _____,a phenomenon termed _____.
A)dreaming;REM rebound
B)dreaming;hypnopompic levitation
C)falling asleep;hypnotic drop
D)falling asleep;hypnic jerk

Accepted Answer

The sensation of falling while falling asleep is known as a hypnic jerk. It occurs when the body is transitioning from wakefulness to sleep and experiences a sudden muscle contraction, often accompanied by a feeling of falling or being startled.

Quiz 5: Consciousness-Part A

As a newly graduated registered nurse,Monica begins working the night shift.Her struggle to stay alert at work is probably due to an interruption of her usual:

Stage 2 sleep is associated with:

When questioned by her parents about her pattern of late-night activity followed by oversleeping,Meadow might correctly attribute her rest-activity cycle to the fact that she is a _-hour person living in a _-hour world.

If a person is awake and driving a car,a recording of the brain's EEG pattern would probably contain a considerable number of _____ waves.

The hypnagogic state of consciousness occurs:

The brain waves associated with the first stage of sleep are called _____ waves.

Based on EEG records,it appears that sleep can be divided into _____ phases.

According to dual-process theory,which function would NOT be processed by the "fast" System 1?

Being fully awake is to quiet resting as:

In the absence of clocks,miners trapped underground for several weeks probably will adopt a rest-activity cycle that is _____ hours in length.

As manager of a new movie theater,Ralph arranged to have messages about popcorn and candy flashed on the screen during the movie so quickly that they were outside of conscious awareness.Messages like this are called:

Greenwald (1992) presented the words "enemy loses" subliminally to participants.These participants then:

In a study on roommate preference,people who had to choose which of three hypothetical candidates would make the best roommate made the BEST decision when:

Dreaming is considered to be a(n) :

A circadian rhythm is a naturally occurring _____ cycle.

According to dual-process theory,which function would NOT be processed by the "slow" System 2?

In a study on the effects of subliminal persuasion,Bargh and colleagues (1996) found that students exposed to words commonly associated with aging (for example,Florida,gray,wrinkled) :

Slow-wave sleep is also known as:

A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind is called:

Sometimes people experience sensations of falling while _,a phenomenon termed _.