Question 1

Roediger and Karpicke (2006)studied performance on a memory test in two groups of participants.In one group,participants studied the material twice (study-study).In the other group,participants studied the material once and then were tested on the material (study-test).A final test measuring recall was administered in both groups after various retention intervals.Which statement about performance on the final test is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The study-test group performed better on the final recall test at long retention intervals, whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups at short retention intervals. This suggests that testing enhances long-term retention of information.

Question 2

Jerry is asked to think of a word that rhymes with "motor." Jimmy is asked to think about how a motor works.The next day,both men are asked,"Hey,what was the word that you heard yesterday that rhymes with 'voter'?" _____ will be more likely to recall "motor" because _____.

Accepted Answer

Jerry;the encoding context matched the retrieval context

Question 3

A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake,reptile-turtle,reptile-lizard,amphibian-frog,amphibian-salamander,and amphibian-newt.Then the participant practiced recalling only the amphibian-salamander pair using the prompt "amphibian-sala_____." Sometime later,the participant was given a memory test of the words he had originally studied.Of these,which word would be MOST likely forgotten?

Accepted Answer

The participant is most likely to forget "frog" because of the retrieval practice effect, where practicing a subset of material (amphibian-salamander) can lead to improved memory for the practiced information but can also cause forgetting of related, but unpracticed, information (such as "frog").

Question 4

A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake,reptile-turtle,reptile-lizard,amphibian-frog,amphibian-salamander,and amphibian-newt.Then the participant practiced recalling only the amphibian-salamander pair using the prompt "reptile-liz_____." Sometime later,the participant was given a memory test of the words he had originally studied.Of these,which word would be MOST likely forgotten?

Accepted Answer

Snake is most likely to be forgotten because the participant practiced recalling an amphibian (salamander) with a prompt that starts with "reptile," which could cause interference with remembering other reptile examples, but specifically practiced with an amphibian example, not affecting the recall of other amphibians (frog, newt) as directly.

Question 5

Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Quizzing yourself after studying helps reinforce the material and improves recall, especially as the retention interval increases, due to the testing effect.

Question 6

Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to the:

Accepted Answer

Retrieval-induced forgetting occurs when the retrieval of some memories impairs subsequent recall of related memories. This occurs due to the inhibitory processes that take place in the brain when retrieving a memory, which can make it harder to retrieve related memories.

Question 7

Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Studying twice may be slightly more effective if the memory test is administered in the next few minutes due to the recency effect, but quizzing generally enhances long-term retention better.

Question 8

McKayla is asked to think of a word that rhymes with "prime." Danielle is asked to think about the mathematical meaning of prime numbers.The next day,both women are asked,"Hey,what was the word that you heard yesterday that rhymes with 'time'?" _____ will be more likely to recall "prime" because _____.

Accepted Answer

McKayla;the encoding context matched the retrieval context

Question 9

A memory acquired in one situation is more likely to be used in situations with similar encoding and retrieval cues,a phenomenon known as:

Accepted Answer

Transfer-appropriate processing is the phenomenon where our memory is more likely to be retrieved if the cognitive processes taking place during encoding and retrieval are similar. This means that memory acquired in one situation is more likely to be used in situations with similar encoding and retrieval cues.

Question 10

Trying to recall an event and successfully recalling one are:

Accepted Answer

Trying to recall an event and successfully recalling one involve different cognitive and neural processes occurring in different parts of the brain. The initial attempt to retrieve a memory involves accessing the memory traces that are scattered throughout the neocortex, while successfully recalling a memory requires the activation and integration of the relevant traces in a way that reconstructs the event. The hippocampus plays a critical role in this process by binding together the different cortical traces and creating a cohesive representation of the memory. Therefore, the two processes involve different regions of the brain and are not simply variations on the same process.

Question 11

According to transfer-appropriate processing,we are more likely to recall information when:

Accepted Answer

According to transfer-appropriate processing, recall is more likely when the current situation is similar to the one in which the information was originally encoded. This means that if the context of the current situation is similar to the context in which the information was originally learned, it is more likely to be recalled.

Question 12

Participants in a study were asked to recall an episode from their memory.During this recollection,new information somewhat related to the episode was presented to the participants.During a follow-up memory test two days later,participants:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of false memory incorporation, where new information is integrated and remembered as part of the original episode. The participants are likely to have incorporated the new information into their memory of the original episode, leading to a distorted recollection two days later.

Question 13

If presented with similar but misleading information about an event during participants' recollection of the event,participants are then more likely to incorporate the misleading information into their future accounts of the event.This is probably due to the fact that the misleading information was presented closely in time with the _____ of the event.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "reconsolidation," which refers to the process where previously consolidated memories are recalled and then stored again. When misleading information is presented close in time to the recall of an event, it can become integrated into the memory during the reconsolidation process, leading to altered or false memories.

Question 14

Retrieving information from the long-term memory store _____ subsequent memory of that information.

Accepted Answer

Retrieving information from the long-term memory store may have variable effects on subsequent memory of that information. Sometimes retrieval can improve memory by strengthening the association between the cue and the information, making it easier to recall later on. Other times, retrieval can impair memory by causing interference with other information, leading to confusion or forgetting. Therefore, the effect on subsequent memory is not always predictable and can vary depending on the specific circumstances.

Question 15

A third-grader must learn the rules of multiplication (1 × 1 through 12 × 12)in 2 weeks.The BEST advice to give this student is to:

Accepted Answer

Making flashcards with the problem on one side and the answer on the other and repeatedly quizzing oneself is an effective way to memorize multiplication tables. This method allows for repetition and reinforces the association between the problem and the answer. Option A might be overwhelming and confusing, trying to memorize all problems in one day. Option B is ineffective as cramming all the information the day before the test might lead to forgetting information by the test day. Option C may be too passive and not conducive to active learning where the learner needs to recall information from memory.

Question 16

A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake,reptile-turtle,reptile-lizard,amphibian-frog,amphibian-salamander,and amphibian-newt.Then the participant practiced recalling only the amphibian-salamander pair using the prompt "amphibian-sala_____." Sometime later,the participant was given a memory test of the words he had originally studied.Of these,which word would be MOST likely forgotten?

Accepted Answer

The participant practiced recalling the amphibian-salamander pair, so it is less likely to be forgotten compared to the other pairs. The word that was not paired with the participant's practiced word, amphibian-newt, is the most likely to be forgotten. Therefore, the answer is D - newt.

Question 17

Forty-year-old Eli was prompted to recall information about the first college football game he attended as a freshman student some 22 years earlier.Specifically,he was asked information about whether his team won,the weather,who accompanied him to the game,and the size of the crowd at the game.Sometime later,Eli and his twin brother William,who also was at the game but did not experience the initial interview,were asked to recall as many details about the game as possible.What would Eli be MORE likely than William to forget?

Accepted Answer

Eli is more likely to forget the name of the opposing school because it is a less personal and less emotionally significant detail compared to the other options, which involve more vivid or personal memories.

Question 18

A witness to a bank robbery was interviewed and asked to provide details about the suspect's race,age,facial characteristics,height,weight,and clothing.Sometime later,the witness was interviewed again and asked to provide additional details.Which would the witness be LEAST likely to recall?

Accepted Answer

The witness may have been more focused on the physical characteristics and clothing of the suspect during the robbery, rather than what the suspect said. It is possible that the witness did not pay close attention to the suspect's words or may not have been able to hear them clearly in the midst of the crime.

Question 19

A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items is termed:

Accepted Answer

Retrieval-induced forgetting occurs when the retrieval of a particular item from long-term memory impairs the recall of related items, indicating that the act of retrieval can interfere with the retrieval of other related but non-retrieved items. Retroactive interference occurs when new learning impairs the recall of previously learned material, transfer-appropriate processing refers to the idea that memory performance is enhanced when the type of processing used during encoding matches the type of processing used during retrieval, and transience refers to the gradual weakening or fading of memories over time.

Question 20

A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake,reptile-turtle,reptile-lizard,amphibian-frog,amphibian-salamander,and amphibian-newt.Then the participant practiced recalling only the amphibian-salamander pair using the prompt "reptile-liz_____." Sometime later,the participant was given a memory test of the words he had originally studied.Of these,which word would be MOST likely forgotten?

Accepted Answer

The participant practiced recalling the amphibian-salamander pair, which could lead to retrieval-induced forgetting of related items, such as "turtle," which is a reptile and not directly practiced or prompted.

Quiz 6: Memory-Part A

Jerry is asked to think of a word that rhymes with "motor." Jimmy is asked to think about how a motor works.The next day,both men are asked,"Hey,what was the word that you heard yesterday that rhymes with 'voter'?" _ will be more likely to recall "motor" because _.

Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is TRUE?

Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to the:

Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is TRUE?

McKayla is asked to think of a word that rhymes with "prime." Danielle is asked to think about the mathematical meaning of prime numbers.The next day,both women are asked,"Hey,what was the word that you heard yesterday that rhymes with 'time'?" _ will be more likely to recall "prime" because _.

A memory acquired in one situation is more likely to be used in situations with similar encoding and retrieval cues,a phenomenon known as:

Trying to recall an event and successfully recalling one are:

According to transfer-appropriate processing,we are more likely to recall information when:

Participants in a study were asked to recall an episode from their memory.During this recollection,new information somewhat related to the episode was presented to the participants.During a follow-up memory test two days later,participants:

Retrieving information from the long-term memory store _____ subsequent memory of that information.

A third-grader must learn the rules of multiplication (1 × 1 through 12 × 12) in 2 weeks.The BEST advice to give this student is to:

A witness to a bank robbery was interviewed and asked to provide details about the suspect's race,age,facial characteristics,height,weight,and clothing.Sometime later,the witness was interviewed again and asked to provide additional details.Which would the witness be LEAST likely to recall?

A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items is termed: