Question 1

The serial position effect predicts that,when recalling items in a previously learned list,we are MOST likely to forget the items _____ of the list.

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect describes a tendency in memory recall where items at the beginning (primacy effect) and at the end (recency effect) of a list are more likely to be remembered than those in the middle. This means items in the middle are most likely to be forgotten.

Question 2

Short-term memory can hold approximately _____ meaningful items.

Accepted Answer

The magical number 7 +/- 2 is the approximate number of meaningful items that can be held in short-term memory. This was first proposed by psychologist George Miller in his 1956 paper "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information."

Question 3

An instructor studies his class roll for 15 minutes on the first day of class in an attempt to remember student names.The next day,he finds that he can only recall the names at the beginning of the roll.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the phenomenon of better recall of items (in this case, names) that are presented first in a list. In this scenario, the instructor can only remember the names at the beginning of the roll, which is consistent with the primacy effect.

Question 4

It is helpful that local phone numbers are only seven digits long because seven items is the capacity of _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Local phone numbers being only seven digits long is helpful because seven is the capacity of short-term memory. Short-term memory refers to the temporary storage of information that is currently being used by the brain. This information may be forgotten quickly if it is not transferred to long-term memory, which has a much larger capacity.

Question 5

In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959),participants were given consonant strings to remember-such as DBX and HLM-and then were instructed to count backward from 100 by 3.After a variable amount of time (delay),the participants were asked to recall the consonant strings.Which statement accurately describes the results of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

The results of the experiment showed that there was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 20 seconds. After a 20-second delay, accuracy decreased by over 80%. Option A is incorrect because there was a decrease in recall accuracy after a 20-second delay. Option B is incorrect because a 3-second delay did not decrease accuracy by almost 80%. Option D is incorrect because there was a decrease in recall accuracy before the delay reached 7 seconds.

Question 6

The first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than are the items in the middle,a phenomenon termed the _____ effect.

Accepted Answer

The described phenomenon is known as the serial position effect, which refers to the tendency for people to remember more easily the first items (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a series, with less recall of items from the middle.

Question 7

Renata can remember the first three books of the Old Testament in the Bible but cannot recall the names of the other books.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Renata can remember the first three books...

Question 8

Roger is using rehearsal to remember a telephone number.Each time he repeats the numbers,he is "reentering" the information into his short-term memory,thus adding about _____ to the shelf life.

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal helps to maintain the information in the short-term memory for about 15 to 20 seconds. Therefore, the best choice is A.

Question 9

Active maintenance of information in short-term memory is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Active maintenance of information in short-term memory is referred to as working memory. Sensory storage refers to the initial, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. Active memory and labor storage are not recognized terms in psychology.

Question 10

In recalling U.S.presidents,Channing can list the first five presidents and the last five presidents but cannot remember many of the presidents in between.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect refers to the tendency to remember items that are presented first (primacy effect) or last (recency effect) in a list. Channing's ability to recall the first five and last five U.S. presidents but not many in between is an example of the serial position effect.

Question 11

The _____ memory store holds information for a maximum of 15 to 20 seconds in the absence of rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is also known as working memory and can hold information for a maximum of 15-20 seconds in the absence of rehearsal. Iconic and echoic memory are types of sensory memory, while long-term memory can store information for an extended period of time.

Question 12

In the absence of rehearsal,research has shown that information can be held in the short-term memory store for _____ seconds or less.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that without rehearsal, information in short-term memory typically lasts about 15 to 30 seconds, with 20 seconds being a commonly cited duration.

Question 13

Short-term memory is limited in how long it can hold information and in the _____ information it can hold.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is limited in the amount of information it can hold. It can hold only a small amount of information for a brief period of time, generally around 20-30 seconds. The type, utility or complexity of the information may affect retention in short-term memory, but the amount of information is the primary limiting factor.

Question 14

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it is called:

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is rehearsal, which involves repeating information in order to keep it in short-term memory. Choice B (chunking) refers to grouping information together in order to improve memory, while choice C (memorizing) is too general and does not describe a specific process. Choice D (mnemonic storage) refers to the use of techniques or strategies to aid in memory retrieval, rather than the initial process of keeping information in short-term memory. Therefore, A is the best choice.

Question 15

Short-term memory is to working memory as:

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory and working memory both refer to cognitive processes that deal with temporarily holding and processing information. However, short-term memory is considered to be a passive storage system, while working memory is a dynamic system that actively processes and manipulates information. Therefore, the relationship between short-term memory and working memory can be likened to the relationship between a static structure (short-term memory) and a dynamic process (working memory).

Question 16

Short-term memory is to working memory as:

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory refers to the temporary storage of information, while working memory involves the active processing and manipulation of that information. Thus, short-term memory is more about the "place" where information is held, whereas working memory is about the "process" of using that information.

Question 17

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters is known as:

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of breaking down information into smaller, more manageable chunks. By grouping smaller pieces of information together into larger clusters, it becomes easier to remember and recall larger amounts of information.

Question 18

Kelly is at a local bar having a drink.A young man starts flirting with her and approaches her.Kelly decides to tell him her number.He repeats the series of digits in his head over and over again until he has a chance to write it down.This process is known as:

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal is the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to be remembered, which is what the young man is doing to remember Kelly's number.

Question 19

Jason looked up a telephone number on his desktop computer but his cell phone is in another room.The easiest and perhaps MOST effective technique he can use to remember the number until he can get to his phone is:

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal is the most effective technique for remembering information in the short term. It involves repeatedly verbalizing or mentally practicing the information to keep it active in working memory. Jason can continue to repeat the telephone number to himself until he has access to his phone to avoid forgetting it.

Question 20

Waitresses who use organizational encoding to organize orders into groups are essentially:

Accepted Answer

Chunking is a memory technique that involves organizing information into manageable groups, which is exactly what waitresses are doing when they use organizational encoding to group orders together. Rehearsing information involves repeating it to oneself, which is not applicable in this context. The serial position effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle, which is also not directly relevant here. State-dependent learning refers to the phenomenon of better recall when in the same state (e.g. sober vs. intoxicated) as when the information was learned, which is not applicable to the situation of waitressing.

Quiz 6: Memory-Part A

The serial position effect predicts that,when recalling items in a previously learned list,we are MOST likely to forget the items _____ of the list.

Short-term memory can hold approximately _____ meaningful items.

An instructor studies his class roll for 15 minutes on the first day of class in an attempt to remember student names.The next day,he finds that he can only recall the names at the beginning of the roll.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

It is helpful that local phone numbers are only seven digits long because seven items is the capacity of _____ memory.

The first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than are the items in the middle,a phenomenon termed the _____ effect.

Renata can remember the first three books of the Old Testament in the Bible but cannot recall the names of the other books.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

Roger is using rehearsal to remember a telephone number.Each time he repeats the numbers,he is "reentering" the information into his short-term memory,thus adding about _____ to the shelf life.

Active maintenance of information in short-term memory is referred to as:

In recalling U.S.presidents,Channing can list the first five presidents and the last five presidents but cannot remember many of the presidents in between.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

The _____ memory store holds information for a maximum of 15 to 20 seconds in the absence of rehearsal.

In the absence of rehearsal,research has shown that information can be held in the short-term memory store for _____ seconds or less.

Short-term memory is limited in how long it can hold information and in the _____ information it can hold.

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it is called:

Short-term memory is to working memory as:

Short-term memory is to working memory as:

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters is known as:

Kelly is at a local bar having a drink.A young man starts flirting with her and approaches her.Kelly decides to tell him her number.He repeats the series of digits in his head over and over again until he has a chance to write it down.This process is known as:

Jason looked up a telephone number on his desktop computer but his cell phone is in another room.The easiest and perhaps MOST effective technique he can use to remember the number until he can get to his phone is:

Waitresses who use organizational encoding to organize orders into groups are essentially: