Question 1

A person with damage to the _____ may suffer aphasia, an impaired ability to _____.

Accepted Answer

Damage to the association areas of the left hemisphere can result in aphasia, which is the impaired ability to use language. This is because the left hemisphere is typically responsible for language processing in most individuals.

Question 2

The association areas of the cerebral cortex

Accepted Answer

The association areas of the cerebral cortex are directly related to higher mental functions such as thinking, language, and memory, and include specialized language areas such as Broca's and Wernicke's areas. They are more developed in the brains of higher animals, including humans, compared to lower animals. They do not process simple sensory information, which is processed in the primary sensory areas of the cortex. They are essential to the performance of higher mental functions.

Question 3

Paul Broca's patient "Tan" lost his ability to speak because an area in the left _____ lobe of his brain had deteriorated.

Accepted Answer

Paul Broca's research showed that the area in the left frontal lobe of the brain, now known as Broca's area, is responsible for the production of speech. Therefore, the deterioration of this area in "Tan" led to his loss of speech ability.

Question 4

Aphasia is a(n)

Accepted Answer

Aphasia refers to a language disturbance that occurs as a result of brain damage. This can affect a person's ability to speak, comprehend language, read, and write.

Question 5

The human capacity to empathize and identify with another person's point of view and feelings may arise directly from the activation of

Accepted Answer

Research has provided evidence that mirror neurons, which are activated when an individual performs an action or observes another individual performing the same action, may be involved in empathy and understanding the feelings of others. Therefore, the activation of mirror neurons may be the direct cause of the human capacity to empathize and identify with another person's point of view and feelings.

Question 6

The action of the _____ may explain how we can intuitively understand the behavior of others and may underlie our ability to learn new skills by imitating others.

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are a type of neuron that fires both when an individual performs an action and when they observe that same action being performed by someone else, allowing for an intuitive understanding of behavior and the ability to learn through imitation. The other options, such as the pons, neurogenetic nodes, and subcortical neurons, do not specifically relate to this function.

Question 7

Following different accidents, Margo is unable to speak but can comprehend language, while Jeff is unable to comprehend the language he hears but can still produce speech sounds.Both are suffering from

Accepted Answer

Both Margo and Jeff are experiencing language deficits, which is indicative of aphasia. Margo's inability to speak but comprehension of language suggests a receptive aphasia (also known as Wernicke's aphasia), while Jeff's inability to comprehend language but ability to produce speech sounds suggests an expressive aphasia (also known as Broca's aphasia). Agnosia refers to a deficit in recognizing or identifying objects or stimuli, spatial neglect refers to a deficit in attending to one side of space, and damage to the primary somatosensory area refers to a deficit in processing somatosensory information.

Question 8

The _____ areas of the cerebral cortex directly control the body or receive information from the senses, while the _____ areas combine and process information.

Accepted Answer

The primary areas of the cerebral cortex directly control the body or receive information from the senses, such as the primary motor cortex controlling voluntary movement, and the primary somatosensory cortex receiving information from touch, pressure, and other sensory information. The association areas combine and process information from multiple primary areas, such as the association areas in the prefrontal cortex integrating information from the sensory and motor areas for decision-making and planning.

Question 9

The motor cortex is one brain area that contains _____, which become active when we perform an action or when we merely observe someone else carrying out the same action.

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are the brain cells found in the motor cortex that become active both when performing an action and when observing someone else carrying out the same action.

Question 10

Due to neuroplasticity, violin, viola, and cello players have a larger proportion of their _____ devoted to their hands.

Accepted Answer

The primary motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movements, such as those involved in playing musical instruments. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to adapt and change in response to experiences, and research has shown that musicians who play string instruments have a larger proportion of their primary motor cortex dedicated to control of their hands. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 11

The speech (production) center for 95 percent of all people is located in the _____ lobe.

Accepted Answer

The speech production center, known as Broca's area, is typically located in the left frontal lobe for about 95% of right-handed individuals and a majority of left-handed individuals.

Question 12

Which area of the cortex combines and processes information from the senses and contributes to higher mental abilities, such as language?

Accepted Answer

The association cortex is responsible for combining and processing information from the senses and contributing to higher mental abilities, such as language. The motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movements, and the somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing sensory information from the body. There is no such thing as an "aphasic cortex."

Question 13

A person with damage to the association areas in the left hemisphere would most likely suffer

Accepted Answer

Damage to the association areas in the left hemisphere would most likely cause aphasia, which is the impairment of language abilities. This is because the left hemisphere is responsible for language processing. Paralysis, deafness, and insensitivity to pain and temperature are usually associated with damage to other areas of the brain.

Question 14

A malfunction of the mirror neurons has been implicated in the early childhood condition known as _____, in which the child shows impaired social interaction and communication as well as restricted and repetitive behavior.

Accepted Answer

The malfunction of mirror neurons has been linked to autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as repetitive and restricted behavior. The lack of mirroring abilities in individuals with autism may contribute to their difficulties in understanding social cues and empathy.

Question 15

According to one theory, autism may arise because the _____ system in some infants is damaged, either due to genetic abnormalities or environmental risk factors.

Accepted Answer

The theory that suggests autism arises due to damage to the mirror neuron system is widely discussed in neuroscience research. Mirror neurons are a type of brain cell that activates both when an individual performs an action and when they observe others perform the same action. This helps us understand and empathize with others, and abnormalities in this system may lead to difficulties in social communication and interaction, which are core features of autism.

Question 16

A person who had an impaired _____ would be described as having aphasia.

Accepted Answer

Aphasia is a language disorder that occurs when there is damage to the parts of the brain responsible for language. This can affect a person's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language. Therefore, a person with impaired ability to use language would be described as having aphasia.

Question 17

Areas of the brain that are NOT primarily sensory or motor in function are called the

Accepted Answer

Association areas are areas of the brain that are not primarily sensory or motor in function. They are responsible for higher-level processing, such as language, thought, and memory. Somatosensory areas are primarily sensory, temporal lobes are a specific part of the brain, and incidental lobes is not a commonly used term in neuroscience.

Question 18

Which of the following parts of the body would have the largest area represented on the motor area?

Accepted Answer

The hand has a large representation on the motor cortex because it requires fine motor skills and precise movements.

Question 19

Mirror neurons

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons become active both when we perform an action and when we observe someone else carrying out an action. This may explain how we can intuitively understand the behavior of others. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 20

According to the "broken mirrors" hypothesis, _____ may arise because the mirror neuron system in some infants is damaged, either due to genetic abnormalities or environmental risk factors leading to impaired social interaction and communication.

Accepted Answer

The "broken mirrors" hypothesis refers to the idea that autism may arise due to a dysfunction in the mirror neuron system in the brain. This dysfunction may be due to genetic abnormalities or environmental risk factors, leading to impaired social interaction and communication. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Quiz 2: Extension B: Brain and Behavior

A person with damage to the _ may suffer aphasia, an impaired ability to _.