Question 1

A premature baby who breathes mainly through an open mouth and who engages in snoring, breath-holding, or frequent night awakenings should be monitored to prevent

Accepted Answer

Premature babies who exhibit these breathing symptoms may be at an increased risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). It is important to monitor them closely to prevent this tragic outcome.

Question 2

_____ may occur because the brain stop sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing or because there is blockage in the upper air passages.

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a condition characterized by interrupted breathing during sleep, which can be caused by the brain's failure to send signals to the diaphragm to breathe or by blockage in the upper air passages. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone, and somnambulism is sleepwalking, none of which involve breathing interruptions.

Question 3

Which of the following has NOT been found helpful in eliminating nightmares?

Accepted Answer

Decreasing your amount of sleep time can actually worsen nightmares as it disrupts your sleep cycle and can lead to increased levels of stress and anxiety. Writing down the nightmare, changing the dream the way you wish, and mentally rehearsing the dream you want can all be helpful techniques in reducing or eliminating nightmares.

Question 4

The use of a CPAP mask is an effective treatment for

Accepted Answer

CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) masks are primarily used for treating sleep apnea, which is a disorder where a person's breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep. It helps in keeping the airway open and improving oxygen levels during sleep. CPAP masks are not effective against narcolepsy, cataplexy or somnambulism as they are different sleep disorders with their respective treatments.

Question 5

Sleep apnea refers to

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a breathing problem during sleep where a person's breathing repeatedly stops and starts.

Question 6

Kyanna sometimes stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping.This can happen hundreds of times per night.She has

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described suggest that Kyanna has sleep apnea, which is a condition where the individual experiences pauses in breathing during sleep. A sleep terror disorder involves recurrent episodes of intense fear during sleep, narcolepsy involves excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks, and a nightmare disorder involves recurrent nightmares causing distress or impairment in daily life.

Question 7

Nat is a middle-aged man who stops breathing in his sleep, awakens slightly to gulp in air, then goes back to sleep.This cycle is repeated throughout the night.Nat is suffering from

Accepted Answer

Nat's symptoms are characteristic of sleep apnea, a condition in which breathing is interrupted during sleep. This can lead to disrupted sleep and other health complications if left untreated.

Question 8

According to your text, if you want to eliminate a nightmare, you should

Accepted Answer

The text suggests mentally rehearsing the dream you want as a strategy to eliminate nightmares. Decreasing or increasing sleeping time and changing eating habits are not mentioned as effective methods for eliminating nightmares.

Question 9

Sleep terror disorder involves the repeated occurrence of

Accepted Answer

Sleep terror disorder involves a person abruptly awakening from sleep in a terrified state, usually with a scream or cry, and often with intense physical reactions such as rapid heart rate, sweating, and rapid breathing. It is different from nightmares, which are unpleasant dreams that can be remembered upon waking. Narcolepsy involves excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis, while sleep apnea involves interruptions in breathing during sleep. Therefore, sleep terror disorder is not the same as any of these disorders.

Question 10

A sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences, and gasps is called

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences, and gasps. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks. Somnambulism is sleepwalking, while insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Question 11

Four-year-old Terrence awakened the whole household last night.He sat up in bed, kicking and screaming, while he was still asleep.When his parents got to him, he was in a state of panic, mumbling about the "monsters all around the room." It took his parents about 20 minutes to console Terrence, and his mother had to change his pajamas because he was covered in sweat.The next morning, his older sister told Terrence that he really scared her when he screamed the night before, but Terrence does not remember anything, except his mother helping him change his pajamas.Terrence most likely experienced

Accepted Answer

Terrence most likely experienced a night terror. Night terrors occur during non-REM sleep and can cause intense fear, panic, and screaming. The person experiencing the night terror is often difficult to console and has no memory of the event in the morning. The fact that Terrence was still asleep and had no memory of the incident, along with the screaming and panic, point to night terrors rather than a nightmare or other sleep disorders.

Question 12

Imagery rehearsal

Accepted Answer

Imagery rehearsal involves mentally rehearsing a changed dream before you fall asleep again, making upsetting dreams familiar while the person is awake and feeling safe, and mentally "re-programming" future dream content. Therefore, all of these options are correct.

Question 13

Regarding night terrors, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Night terrors occur during non-REM sleep, not during REM or dream sleep.

Question 14

_____ is a technique for eliminating nightmares by involves making the upsetting dream familiar while the person is awake as well as "mentally re-programming" future dream content.

Accepted Answer

Imagery rehearsal is a technique used to treat nightmares in which an individual rehearses the upsetting dream while awake, but changes the storyline so that it has a positive ending. This process is repeated until the dream no longer causes fear or anxiety. The technique also involves mentally reprogramming future dream content to reduce the frequency of upsetting dreams. Stimulus control is a technique for improving sleep quality by associating the bed and bedroom with sleep, and avoiding activities that interfere with sleep. The paradoxical intention is a technique used to treat insomnia, where an individual intentionally tries to stay awake rather than forcing themselves to sleep. Activation-synthesis theory explains the origin of dreams as the brain's attempt to synthesize chaotic and meaningless neural activity during sleep.

Question 15

Imagery rehearsal is a

Accepted Answer

Imagery rehearsal is a technique used to reduce or eliminate nightmares by having the dreamer mentally rehearse a new, more positive outcome for the nightmare scenario during waking hours.

Question 16

Some researchers believe that SIDS or crib death may be caused by the sleep disorder known as

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea involves pauses in breathing during sleep and has been linked to an increased risk of SIDS, also known as crib death.

Question 17

The most effective treatments for sleep apnea include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The use of stimulant drugs is not an effective treatment for sleep apnea. In fact, they can worsen symptoms by interfering with sleep quality. The other options listed - weight loss, the use of a CPAP mask, and surgery for breathing obstructions - are all effective treatments for sleep apnea.

Question 18

People who have a night terror

Accepted Answer

People who experience night terrors usually have them during non-REM sleep and do not remember them in the morning. Therefore, option D is the correct choice. The other options are incorrect as night terrors typically occur during non-REM sleep, can occur in individuals of any age, and do not involve REM rebound.

Question 19

During a Stage 4 _____, a person suffers total panic for up to 20 minutes and may hallucinate frightening dream images into the bedroom, will awaken drenched in sweat, and will only vaguely remember the episode in the morning.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the characteristics of a night terror, which is a type of parasomnia that occurs during non-REM sleep. It is characterized by intense fear, screaming, sweating, and rapid breathing or heart rate. The person experiencing a night terror may also have difficulty waking up and may not remember the episode in the morning. Lucid nightmares occur during REM sleep and involve the person being aware they are dreaming, while REM rebound episodes refer to an increase in REM sleep after a period of sleep deprivation. Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, is a different type of parasomnia where a person engages in complex behaviors during sleep, such as walking or even driving, but does not have memory of it upon waking.

Question 20

Regarding sleep apnea, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Accepted Answer

All of the statements are true. Sleep apnea can cause extreme daytime sleepiness due to interrupted sleep during the night. It can occur due to a failure in the brain's signaling to the diaphragm or blockage of the upper air passages.

Quiz 6: Extension B: States of Consciousness