Question 1

_____ is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.
A)Implicit memory
B)Flashbulb memory
C)Autobiographical memory
D)Permastore memory

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memory is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events. Examples of flashbulb memories include where you were and what you were doing on 9/11 or when you heard about the death of a loved one. Implicit memory refers to memories that are not brought to conscious awareness, autobiographical memory refers to personal memories of events and facts about oneself, and permastore memory refers to long-lasting memories that never seem to be forgotten.

Question 2

On the way home from her senior prom,Mary's date ran a red light and crashed into another vehicle,causing severe injuries to all involved.Twenty years later,Mary still remembers the song that was playing on the radio at the time of the crash.In the context of memory retrieval,such a memory is best described as a(n)_____ memory.
A)flashbulb
B)iconic
C)procedural
D)prospective

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed recollections of significant events that are emotionally charged and often include contextual elements, such as the time, place, and people involved. The memory of the song playing during the car crash would likely be a salient feature of the traumatic event, leading Mary to form a powerful and enduring flashbulb memory. Choices B, C, and D do not fit the description of the memory in question. Iconic memory relates to visual sensory information, procedural memory to the acquisition of skills, and prospective memory to the ability to remember to perform a task in the future.

Question 3

In the context of memory retrieval,which of the following is true of recognition?
A)Recognition tests such as essay tests have poor retrieval cues.
B)In the task of recognition,an individual has to retrieve previously learned information.
C)In the task of recognition,an individual only has to identify learned items.
D)Recognition of a stimulus is far more difficult than recall of a stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Recognition involves identifying learned items from a list or set of options, making it easier than recall which requires pulling information out of memory with limited prompts or cues. Essay tests are actually recall tests, not recognition tests.

Question 4

Donna prides herself on being able to remember a face after seeing it just once.However,she is not good at remembering the names that match the faces.In the context of memory retrieval,it can be said that
A)Donna is good with recognition but poor with recall.
B)Donna is good at retrieving previously learned information.
C)Donna is not good at identifying learned items.
D)Donna is not good at memory-related tasks.

Accepted Answer

Recognition refers to the ability to identify a previously encountered item, while recall refers to the ability to retrieve the item from memory with no cues or prompts. Donna's ability to remember faces after seeing them once indicates good recognition ability, but her difficulty with recalling names suggests poor recall ability.

Question 5

Jennifer and Stacey go to different schools but study the same text books.Jennifer's end-of-semester tests consist of only essay questions,whereas Stacey's end-of-semester tests consist of only multiple-choice questions.In the context of memory retrieval,which of the following statements is accurate?
A)Stacey's tests are dependent on how well Stacey can retrieve previously learned information.
B)Jennifer's tests have poorer retrieval cues than Stacey's tests.
C)Jennifer's tests are based on recognition.
D)Stacey's tests are based on recall.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jennifer and Stacey go to different schools...

Question 6

David's roommate,Ryan,asks David for advice on how to study for his final exams.Applying his knowledge of context-dependent memory,David will be most likely to recommend that Ryan study
A)in the apartment,alone.
B)in the library with his friends.
C)quietly in the classroom in which he is going to take his exam.
D)outside,in the pavilion near the basketball court.

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory theory suggests that memory is enhanced when the physical and environmental contexts at encoding are similar to those at retrieval. Therefore, studying quietly in the classroom where the exam will take place is the most effective option as it provides the most similar context for retrieval during the exam. A, B, and D are less effective as they do not provide as similar of a context to the exam setting.

Question 7

Janet has memorized one of John Keats's poems for an upcoming school play.The poem has four verses,and Janet can recite the entire poem verbatim.With reference to the serial position effect in memory retrieval,which of the following verses is Janet most likely to remember in the future?
A)the first and fourth verse of the poem
B)the first and third verse of the poem
C)the second and fourth verse of the poem
D)the third and fourth verse of the poem

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect suggests that in a list of items, the ones at the beginning (primacy effect) and the end (recency effect) are more likely to be remembered than the middle items. Therefore, Janet is most likely to remember the first and fourth verses of the poem.

Question 8

Ashton is forty-five years old.He has vivid memories of the significant events that took place in his youth.However,he finds it difficult to recollect the events that took place in the first and fourth decades of his life.In the context of memory retrieval,this ability to recall events from certain phases of his life is known as
A)the reminiscence bump.
B)the serial position effect.
C)absentmindedness.
D)interference.

Accepted Answer

The ability to recall events from certain phases of one's life is known as the reminiscence bump, which refers to the tendency for people to retrieve more memories from adolescence and early adulthood than from other periods of their lives. This is likely due to the fact that these years are associated with many "firsts" and significant life transitions, making them highly salient and memorable. Ashton's difficulty in recalling events from the first and fourth decades of his life is a common experience and can be attributed to the fact that these periods are not as personally significant as adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 9

With respect to the primacy effect,the first few items in a list are easily remembered because they
A)receive more elaborate processing than do words later in the list.
B)are less likely to be rehearsed than words at the end of the list.
C)drop out of working memory before being encoded into long-term memory.
D)are less vivid in comparison to auditory stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect occurs because the first few items in a list receive more elaborate processing, such as being rehearsed more often and being given more attention, than do words later in the list. This results in a stronger encoding of these items into long-term memory, making them easier to remember later on.

Question 10

Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide.In which of the following ways can he use the process of context-dependent memory to his advantage?
A)by interviewing all potential witnesses
B)by questioning witnesses as a group
C)by taking witnesses back to the crime scene
D)by interviewing only eye witnesses

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory suggests that memory is heavily influenced by the environment and cues present during the initial encoding of information. By taking witnesses back to the crime scene, Detective Dan can help them retrieve more accurate and detailed information about the event, thereby aiding in his investigation.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?
A)They are examples of the recency effect.
B)They have limited capacity,unlike echoic memories.
C)They are short-term memories of skills.
D)They are more durable than memories of day-to-day happenings.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are highly vivid and emotional memories of significant events that are retained in long-term memory with great durability, often for a lifetime. They are more durable than memories of day-to-day happenings, which can decay or be forgotten more quickly. The other options are incorrect; flashbulb memories are not related to the recency effect, limited capacity, or short-term memory of skills.

Question 12

According to the recency effect,the last few items in a list are easily remembered because
A)they receive less elaborate processing than the items in the middle of the list.
B)they are permanently stored in echoic memory or permastore memory.
C)they are more likely to be stored in working memory in than the items in the middle of the list.
D)they are more likely to drop out of working memory before being encoded than the first few items on the list.

Accepted Answer

The recency effect suggests that items at the end of a list are more easily remembered because they are more likely to be stored in working memory than the items in the middle of the list. This is because working memory has a limited capacity and can only hold a certain amount of information at once, so the last few items have a better chance of being retained. However, these items are also more likely to be forgotten quickly if not transferred to long-term memory.

Question 13

_____ memory refers to a special form of episodic memory that consists of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.
A)Procedural
B)Autobiographical
C)Prospective
D)Sensory

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to a special form of episodic memory that consists of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences. This includes memories of specific events and personal experiences, as well as memories of general knowledge about oneself (such as one's name, age, and personal characteristics). Autobiographical memory is often associated with the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex in the brain.

Question 14

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a flashbulb memory?
A)Isabel remembers the day her first baby was born.
B)Anna recalls the inner workings of a calculator.
C)Eva remembers how to ride a bike.
D)Ivan recalls what he had for breakfast.

Accepted Answer

A flashbulb memory is a vivid and detailed memory of an emotionally significant event that occurred in a person's life. The birth of Isabel's first baby would be a significant and emotional event that would likely produce a flashbulb memory. The other options do not involve emotionally significant events and would not be classified as flashbulb memories.

Question 15

George,a fresh college graduate,is going to attend his first job interview.He has learned that he is one among six other candidates who have applied for the same job.Applying his knowledge of the serial position effect,George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed.Why?
A)The first and the last candidates are most likely to be best remembered.
B)The middle candidate will most likely be viewed less favorably.
C)The middle candidate will most likely be rushed through the interview.
D)The first and last candidates will most likely be asked relatively easier questions.

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect suggests that people are more likely to remember the first and last items in a sequence. Therefore, by asking to be either the first or last candidate interviewed, George increases his chances of being remembered more favorably by the interviewer.

Question 16

While auditioning for a play,Theodore insisted that he will audition either first or last.He believes that there are greater chances of him making a lasting impression if he is either first or last.In this scenario,Theodore is adhering to the
A)absentmindedness phenomenon.
B)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C)placebo effect.
D)serial position effect.

Accepted Answer

Theodore is adhering to the serial position effect, which suggests that people remember the first and last items in a series better than the middle items. Theodore believes that if he auditions first or last, he will make a lasting impression on the director and has a better chance of being cast in the play.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about autobiographical memory?
A)It is a special form of episodic memory.
B)It is a type of short-term memory.
C)It has lower capacity than iconic memory.
D)It goes into storage without being encodeD.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory is a special form of episodic memory which involves memories of personal experiences and events. It is not a type of short-term memory or sensory memory like iconic memory, and it requires encoding to be stored in long-term memory.

Question 18

Two years ago,Naomi played the part of Lady Macbeth in a talent show.She recited an entire monologue from one of the scenes of the play.Now,Naomi can only recollect the opening lines of the monologue.Which of the following tendencies is Naomi displaying?
A)the recency effect
B)proactive interference
C)retroactive interference
D)the primacy effect

Accepted Answer

Naomi is displaying the primacy effect, which is the tendency to remember information at the beginning of a list or sequence better than information that comes later. In this case, she remembers the opening lines of the monologue but not the rest.

Question 19

Caitlin,a documentary maker,wants to make a documentary about the Second World War.Her interviewees recall witnessing bombings and being on the run.In this scenario,Caitlin is trying to access her interviewees'
A)echoic memory.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)iconic memory.

Accepted Answer

Caitlin's interviewees recalling witnessing bombings and being on the run is a classic example of flashbulb memory - a type of vivid and emotionally charged memory linked to significant events.

Question 20

_____ can be considered a special case of motivated forgetting.
A)Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
B)Repression
C)Decay
D)Interference

Accepted Answer

Repression involves the motivated forgetting of traumatic or unpleasant memories in order to protect oneself from emotional harm. It is considered a special case of motivated forgetting because it involves a conscious or unconscious choice to suppress memories. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, decay, and interference are all considered regular cases of forgetting.

Quiz 7: Memory

_____ is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

In the context of memory retrieval,which of the following is true of recognition?

Donna prides herself on being able to remember a face after seeing it just once.However,she is not good at remembering the names that match the faces.In the context of memory retrieval,it can be said that

David's roommate,Ryan,asks David for advice on how to study for his final exams.Applying his knowledge of context-dependent memory,David will be most likely to recommend that Ryan study

Janet has memorized one of John Keats's poems for an upcoming school play.The poem has four verses,and Janet can recite the entire poem verbatim.With reference to the serial position effect in memory retrieval,which of the following verses is Janet most likely to remember in the future?

With respect to the primacy effect,the first few items in a list are easily remembered because they

Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide.In which of the following ways can he use the process of context-dependent memory to his advantage?

Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?

According to the recency effect,the last few items in a list are easily remembered because

_____ memory refers to a special form of episodic memory that consists of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a flashbulb memory?

George,a fresh college graduate,is going to attend his first job interview.He has learned that he is one among six other candidates who have applied for the same job.Applying his knowledge of the serial position effect,George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed.Why?

While auditioning for a play,Theodore insisted that he will audition either first or last.He believes that there are greater chances of him making a lasting impression if he is either first or last.In this scenario,Theodore is adhering to the

Which of the following statements is true about autobiographical memory?

Two years ago,Naomi played the part of Lady Macbeth in a talent show.She recited an entire monologue from one of the scenes of the play.Now,Naomi can only recollect the opening lines of the monologue.Which of the following tendencies is Naomi displaying?

Caitlin,a documentary maker,wants to make a documentary about the Second World War.Her interviewees recall witnessing bombings and being on the run.In this scenario,Caitlin is trying to access her interviewees'

_____ can be considered a special case of motivated forgetting.