Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

Albert is listening intently to his principal's lecture on the advancement of scientific research.In this scenario,Albert is most likely

A)retrieving information from his memory.
B)encoding information into his memory.
C)activating the information in his memory.
D)chunking the information in his memory.

Answer 1

encoding information into his memory.

Question 2

Which of the following is the reason for human attention being selective?

A)The brain's resources are limited.
B)Memory needs to be retrived before it can be encoded.
C)Some information gets into memory virtually automatically.
D)Divided attention is essential for encoding to occur effectively.

Answer 2

The brain's resources are limited.

Question 3

The first step in memory is _____,the process by which information gets into memory storage.

A)encoding
B)decoding
C)retrieving
D)elaboration

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?

A)It involves analyzing physical and perceptual features.
B)It involves recognizing and labeling a stimulus.
C)It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.
D)It mainly involves using the amygdala of the human brain.

Question 5

Sarah is reading a book on the different species of insects found in the Amazon Basin.In this scenario,Sarah is primarily

A)activating the information in her memory.
B)repressing information in her memory.
C)retrieving information from her memory.
D)encoding information into her memory.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of the term "levels of processing" in memory?

A)It negates the role of deep processing in memory.
B)It emphasizes that shallow processing is the key step in memory retrieval.
C)It asserts that deeper processing produces poorer memory.
D)It refers to a continuum of memory processing.

Question 7

Ashley is in the habit of listening to music while studying.She usually puts her headphones on when she's reading through a textbook.In this scenario,Ashley is demonstrating

A)divided attention.
B)sustained attention.
C)vigilance.
D)chunking.

Question 8

Moments before his exam,Daniel glances through a chapter on bioreactors in his textbook-a chapter that he has not looked at before.When he starts the exam,he is surprised to find a question on bioreactors.All Daniel can remember is the physical appearance of bioreactors and how they were labeled in the textbook.Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Daniel engaged in while encoding the information on bioreactors?

A)shallow
B)intermediate
C)deep
D)intimate

Question 9

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

A)Divided attention involves concentrating on different activities,one activity at a time.
B)Divided attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
C)Divided attention is not likely to impede an individual's ability to pay attention to a specific aspect of an experience.
D)Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information.

Question 10

Roger witnesses a burglary.When he is questioned by the police,Roger provides a vague description of the burglar,mentioning his approximate build and height,but he is unable to recall specific details.Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Roger has engaged in while encoding information about the burglar?

A)intermediate
B)intimate
C)deep
D)shallow

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates divided attention?

A)Kyle increases the volume on the television while watching his favorite show.
B)Maria is watching two people fight with each other in a martial arts program.
C)Kenny is listening to music on his laptop with headphones on.
D)Riley is trying to pay attention to her teacher while talking to her friend in class.

Question 12

Vivian visits the public aquarium in her city.While looking at the fish tank,she notices an apple snail stuck to the glass wall of the tank.She feels nostalgic because she remembers collecting apple snails with her brothers when they were younger.Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing Vivian has engaged in while encoding her childhood memory of apple snails?

A)shallow
B)intermediate
C)deep
D)impersonal

Question 13

_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

A)Multitasking
B)Divided attention
C)Sustained attention
D)Chunking

Question 14

In the context of memory processes,which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of retrieving information?

A)Daniel is watching a play in a theater.
B)Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school.
C)Vivian is reading a book on insects.
D)Jack is listening to his professor's lecture.

Question 15

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test.When he studies the word "braggart," he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy acted whenever he was given a new toy.Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding the word "braggart"?

A)shallow
B)intermediate
C)deep
D)impersonal

Question 16

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store,looking at video game systems.Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display.Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that has enabled Matt to accurately encode all of these details?

A)deep processing
B)shallow processing
C)intermediate processing
D)impersonal processing

Question 17

Felix,a record-holder in the area of memory skills,amazed the 150-member audience at his show when he accurately recalled all their names in correct alphabetical order.Which of the following processes of memory has Felix demonstrated in this scenario?

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)elaboration

Question 18

Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory?

A)Semantic,meaningful,and symbolic characteristics are used in shallow processing.
B)Physical and perceptual features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing.
C)The brain's prefrontal cortex is involved in shallow processing.
D)A stimulus is recognized and labeled in shallow processing.

Question 19

In the context of memory processes,which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of encoding information?

A)Alex,a five-year-old boy,is reciting his alphabets.
B)Deborah is watching a movie in the theater.
C)Daniel is writing an essay on the dinosaurs he learned about last week.
D)Mike is painting a picture of a woman he used to know.

Question 20

Intermediate processing in memory is the level at which

A)physical and perceptual features are analyzed.
B)a stimulus is recognized and labeled.
C)semantic,meaningful,symbolic characteristics are used.
D)meaning is assigned to a stimulus.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of sensory memory?

A)Sensory memory holds information within time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds.
B)Sensory memory is brief and without detail.
C)Sensory memory holds information in time frames of 30 seconds or more.
D)Sensory memory processes all the information encountered by a person.

Question 22

Identify the element of sensory memory that would be most useful in quickly scanning a map of a country to learn the geographical location of its states.

A)echoic memory
B)implicit memory
C)iconic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 23

While preparing for a biology test,Aaron studies the human heart by closing his eyes and forming a picture of it in his mind,just as it is shown in the textbook.He also labels each part in his mind.Which of the following encoding processes is Aaron using in this scenario?

A)divided attention
B)serial position effect
C)mental imagery
D)chunking

Question 24

Compared with sensory memory,short-term memory

A)is limited in capacity.
B)lasts for lesser amount of time.
C)becomes less effective when chunking is used.
D)relies more on visual information than auditory information.

Question 25

June plays a game with her brother.Her brother quickly shows her a picture and she has to describe the picture in as few words as possible.In this scenario,June's ____ is most likely to help her remember the picture.

A)semantic memory
B)sensory memory
C)explicit memory
D)long-term memory

Question 26

_____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds.

A)Short-term memory
B)Working memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Sensory memory

Question 27

A person is most likely to store a seven digit phone number in his or her _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)working
D)echoic

Question 28

Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory?

A)Elaboration during encoding deactivates the hippocampus.
B)Elaboration is linked to diminished memory.
C)Elaboration becomes difficult when self-reference techniques are used.
D)Elaboration can occur at any level of processing.

Question 29

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

A)Connectionism
B)Selective attention
C)Elaboration
D)Priming

Question 30

Jane hears a strange sound coming from her attic.She wakes her husband and mimics the sound she just heard.In this scenario,Jane's _____ is responsible for her ability to retain the memory of the sound long enough to reproduce it.

A)sensory memory
B)implicit memory
C)episodic memory
D)semantic memory

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of echoic and iconic memory?

A)Echoic memory lasts longer than iconic memory.
B)Echoic memory is short-term memory,whereas iconic memory is long-term memory.
C)Both echoic memory and iconic memory are permanent types of memory.
D)Both echoic memory and iconic memory are types of working memory.

Question 32

_____ refers to auditory sensory memory,which is retained for up to several seconds.

A)Short-term memory
B)Working memory
C)Iconic memory
D)Echoic memory

Question 33

Jacob is a waiter at Alpines,a five-star restaurant.He is known for his excellent memory with regard to customer orders.He recalls each customer's order perfectly by associating the order with where the customer is seated and with the clothes the customer is wearing.In this scenario,which of the following encoding processes is Jacob most likely using to help him remember his orders?

A)mental imagery
B)echoic memory
C)serial position effect
D)divided attention

Question 34

As Steve drives through the highway,he notices a bright neon sign.Despite passing the sign,he is able to see the words for a brief moment.In this scenario,Steve was able to recall the image due to his

A)echoic memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)iconic memory.
D)procedural memory.

Question 35

_____ refers to visual memory,which is retained only for about a quarter of a second.

A)Iconic memory
B)Working memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Explicit memory

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true according to the dual code hypothesis?

A)Memory for pictures is better than memory for words.
B)Image code is less detailed than verbal code.
C)Verbal information provides more avenues for retrieval than visual information.
D)Encoding is more effective when attention is divideD.

Question 37

Which of the following is a way to improve short-term memory?

A)chunking
B)visuo-spatial sketchpad
C)priming
D)connectionism

Question 38

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

A)It gets stored in iconic memory.
B)It lasts for lesser amount of time than echoic memory.
C)It reduces the memory span of an individual.
D)It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Question 39

Which of the following is a similarity between echoic memory and iconic memory?

A)Both are long-term memories.
B)Both are sensory memories.
C)Both require divided attention for effective encoding.
D)Both require visual information to be encoded into long-term memory.

Question 40

Jane loves to read.However,she remembers books only if she can draw comparisons from the stories to her own experiences.If she cannot associate a story with her own life,she is unable to recall it at a later stage.In this scenario,Jane is primarily relying on the process of _____ to encode her memories.

A)divided attention
B)self-reference
C)serial positioning
D)shallow processing

Question 41

Jeff is trying to remember a list of 10 letters that are grouped into the following chunks: XA BDF TRI UX.In the context of chunking,which of the following is most likely to improve his recollection of the letters?

A)waiting at least a few hours before trying to recall the letters
B)reading them only once and trying to recall them later
C)re-chunking the letters to form meaningful words
D)removing the chunks and arranging the letters alphabetically

Question 42

When asked to memorize the ten letters,D,R,S,S,A,Y,N,R,A,and B,Debbie reorganized them into the words BARNS and YARDS.This helped her remember the letters accurately at a later time.Which of the following tactics has Debbie used in order to simplify the process of memorizing the letters?

A)priming
B)chunking
C)self-reference
D)rehearsal

Question 43

Chunking is the process of

A)activating information that an individual already has in storage to help him or her remember new information faster.
B)packing information that exceeds the 7 ± 2 memory span into higher order units.
C)repeating the information over and over again in one's head in order to keep it in memory.
D)drawing mental links between aspects of one's own life and new information.

Question 44

Minutes before her biology test,Katie tries to learn the definition of "osmosis" from her class notes.She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it.Which of the following methods is Katie using to memorize the definition?

A)chunking
B)rehearsal
C)mental imagery
D)elaboration

Question 45

Hank sees a car run a red light.Despite only seeing the car for a short amount of time,he is able to recall the licence plate.In this scenario,hank has most likely used his _____ to recall the licence plate.

A)procedural memory
B)echoic memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 46

As Mitch walks through the conference hall before his conference,he greets approximately 50 new people. Based on his short-term association with these people,Mitch will most likely remember the names of _____ individuals.

A)50
B)20
C)15 ± 2
D)7 ± 2

Question 47

Who proposed an influential model of working memory featuring a three-part system that allows individuals to hold information temporarily "in mind" as they perform cognitive tasks?

A)Richard Atkinson
B)Alan Baddeley
C)George Sperling
D)Allan Paivio

Question 48

At the top level,long-term memory is divided into the substructures of

A)echoic memory and iconic memory.
B)explicit memory and implicit memory.
C)working memory and episodic memory.
D)sensory memory and short-term memory.

Question 49

Mary was challenged by her friend,Kate,to memorize 15 letters,C,I,A,C,B,S,A,B,C,F,B,I,I,R,and S,in the same order,within half a minute.Mary arranged these alphabets into groups: CIA,CBS,ABC,FBI,and IRS.This made it easier for her to meet Kate's challenge.In this scenario,Mary has used the tactic of

A)self-reference.
B)chunking.
C)rehearsal.
D)priming.

Question 50

_____ memory refers to a combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks.

A)Implicit
B)Working
C)Sensory
D)Procedural

Question 51

A main reason rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term is that rehearsal often

A)requires that the brain encode information into the working memory.
B)involves chunking of sensory information.
C)requires more use of iconic memory than echoic memory.
D)involves just mechanically repeating information,without imparting meaning to it.

Question 52

_____ is the conscious recollection of information,such as specific facts or events and,at least in humans,information that can be verbally communicated.

A)Declarative memory
B)Nondeclarative memory
C)Procedural memory
D)Implicit memory

Question 53

Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory.

A)Short-term memory functions as a passive storehouse,while working memory functions as an active memory system.
B)Short-term memory can be used to solve problems,while working memory can be used to rehearse information.
C)Measures of working memory capacity are not strongly related to cognitive aptitudes,whereas short-term memory capacity is.
D)Working memory has a limited capacity,while short-term memory has a virtually unlimited capacity.

Question 54

When John was asked to memorize 15 alphabets in a particular order,he organized them into groups of three letters each and memorized them in the given order.In this scenario,John has used the tactic of

A)self-reference.
B)priming.
C)rehearsal.
D)chunking.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

A)It is a temporary type of memory.
B)It consists of echoic memory and iconic memory.
C)It has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.
D)It is an active memory encoding system.

Question 56

Which of the following is true of working memory?

A)Working memory allows individuals to hold information permanently as they perform cognitive tasks.
B)Working memory functions as a passive storehouse with shelves to store information until it moves to longterm memory.
C)Working memory capacity is strongly related to cognitive aptitudes such as intelligence.
D)Working memory's storage capacity is virtually unlimiteD.

Question 57

_____ is the method of improving short-term memory that involves the conscious repetition of information.

A)Chunking
B)Mental imagery
C)Rehearsal
D)Elaboration

Question 58

In the context of short-term memory,which of the following is true of rehearsal?

A)Information stored in short-term memory lasts half a minute or less without rehearsal.
B)Rehearsal is the nonverbal process of removing the meaning from chunked words.
C)Rehearsal works best when the use of chunking is avoided.
D)Rehearsal works best when information needs to be stored permanently.

Question 59

Chunking improves short-term memory by

A)making large amounts of information more manageable.
B)converting iconic memory into echoic memory.
C)removing the meaning from groups of letters.
D)dividing attention during the encoding process.

Question 60

Which of the following is true of the different components of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory?

A)The phonological loop stores visual and spatial information.
B)The phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad function independently.
C)The central executive integrates information only from the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad and not from long-term memory.
D)Unlike the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad,the central executive has an unlimited capacity.

Question 61

_____ is an implicit memory process that involves memory for skills.

A)Procedural memory
B)Vigilance
C)Episodic memory
D)Priming

Question 62

Dan is on a tour with his wife in Turkey.While sightseeing,Dan answers all the questions his wife has about the monuments and the places they see.In this scenario,Dan is most likely using his _____ to answer his wife's questions.

A)procedural memory
B)sensory memory
C)semantic memory
D)flashbulb memory

Question 63

Which of the following is true of implicit memory?

A)It is related to nonconsciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions.
B)It is a type of short-term memory that has limited capacity.
C)It refers the retention of information about the where,when,and what of life's happenings.
D)It refers to visual sensory memory,which is retained for about two seconds.

Question 64

While on a trek,Ben gets bitten by a snake.He notices the color and size of the snake and realizes that the snake is not poisonous.In this scenario,Ben has most likely used his _____ to recall that the snake is not poisonous.

A)semantic memory
B)flashbulb memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 65

_____ memory is a type of long-term memory in which an individual's behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.

A)Sensory
B)Semantic
C)Implicit
D)Explicit

Question 66

When a concept is primed,it means that the concept is

A)poorly encoded.
B)less susceptible to spontaneous recovery.
C)more available in memory.
D)rehearsed with sustained attention.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true of schema theory?

A)It has little or nothing to say about the role of the physical brain in memory.
B)It explains how chunking reduces the efficiency of short-term memory.
C)It states that short-term memory has more capacity than sensory memory.
D)It holds that long-term memory is very exact.

Question 68

Hank teaches music.During a lesson,while teaching a scale,he recalls how he used the scale in one of the concerts he played.In this scenario,Hank is using his _____ to recall his concert experience.

A)semantic memory
B)episodic memory
C)flashbulb memory
D)procedural memory

Question 69

In the context of how memory is organized,which of the following is true of schemas?

A)Schemas from prior encounters with the environment have no influence on the way individuals handle information.
B)Schemas support the reconstruction process,helping individuals fill in gaps between their fragmented memories.
C)According to the schema theory,memories cannot be viewed as large knowledge structures.
D)According to the schema theory,memories are organized sets of neurons that are routinely activated together.

Question 70

Ingrid works in the information technology department of a big company.Whenever the company hires someone new,she has to set up a new computer for them.In this scenario,Ingrid will easily be able to set up a computer because the information on how to set up the computer is stored in her

A)semantic memory.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 71

_____ refers to a person's knowledge about the world,his or her areas of expertise,general knowledge,and everyday knowledge.

A)Semantic memory
B)Episodic memory
C)Procedural memory
D)Implicit memory

Question 72

While having dinner with his boss,James recalls his first interview with his boss.He recounts that he had lunch with his boss in the same restaurant that he is now in.In this scenario,James uses his _____ to recall the first time he had spoken to his boss.

A)implicit memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 73

Daisy,a sixteen-year-old,was in a car accident in which she suffered a serious brain injury.Since then,Daisy is unable to remember anything about her past experiences.She cannot recall what she did last week,how the accident happened,or any of her childhood experiences.However,she is able to read,write,and speak accurately and remembers the names of countries,things,places,and famous people.In the context of longterm memory,which of the following is most likely true in this scenario?

A)Daisy's sensory memory is completely impaired.
B)Daisy's procedural memory is impaired,but her episodic memory is intact.
C)Daisy's long-term memory is completely impaired.
D)Daisy's episodic memory is impaired,but her semantic memory is intact.

Question 74

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of

A)iconic memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)declarative memory.
D)procedural memory.

Question 75

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church.This preexisting mental framework that tells people how to behave in church is an example of

A)priming.
B)a schema.
C)a frame.
D)vigilance.

Question 76

_____ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

A)Cueing
B)Binding
C)Priming
D)Converging

Question 77

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is called a(n)

A)prototype.
B)frame.
C)schema.
D)archetype.

Question 78

John is at the hospital for his knee injury.To know more about the injury,his doctor asks him where and when he injured himself.In this scenario,John is most likely to use his _____ to answer this question.

A)semantic memory
B)flashbulb memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 79

Miguel is learning to play the piano.He has learned to play some chord sequences with ease.In this scenario,the chord sequences learnt by Miguel will be stored in his

A)flashbulb memory.
B)procedural memory.
C)episodic memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 80

_____ refers to the retention of information about the where,when,and what of life's happenings.

A)Semantic memory
B)Procedural memory
C)Episodic memory
D)Implicit memory