Question 1

In outcomes research,a magnet-designated hospital is an example of which type of variable?

Accepted Answer

Magnet designation indicates certain standards of structure including shared governance,implementation of nursing practice,and autonomy.A dependent variable is one that is affected by manipulation of another variable.An intervention variable is one that is manipulated to examine the effects of this manipulation on a dependent variable.An outcome variable is one that is linked to patient care.

Question 2

What is an important aspect of outcomes research as defined by Donabedian?

Accepted Answer

In outcomes research,according to Donabedian,there is a need to clearly link identified outcomes with the processes that caused the outcomes.Outcomes research involves studies of all outcomes of nursing care.Donabedian does not identify the need to study patient feelings about outcomes or care.Donabedian does not identify the need to use population groups rather than individuals for outcome studies.

Question 3

Which is an example of a distal outcome in outcomes research?

Accepted Answer

A distal outcome is one which is removed from proximity to the care or service received and is more influenced by external (nontreatment)factors.Quality of life is an example of a distal outcome.Glucose monitoring skills,hospital readmission rates,and pain scores are proximal outcomes because they are related directly to nursing interventions and not to external forces.

Question 4

The National Quality Forum was established in 1999 for which purpose?

Accepted Answer

The National Quality Forum sets standards for healthcare performance measures.The NDNQI identifies and develops nursing-sensitive quality measures.The AHRQ supports state and health system efforts to implement and evaluate medical liability reform models.The ARRA allows the AHRQ to expand its work supporting comparative effectiveness research.

Question 5

Which would be an example of an interdependent role for nurses in the Nursing Role Effectiveness Model?

Accepted Answer

Interdependent role functions in the Nursing Role Effectiveness Model include communication,case management,and coordination of care.Dependent role functions include execution of medical orders and physician-initiated treatments.Independent role functions include assessment,diagnosis,and nursing-initiated treatments.

Question 6

To help meet the requirements for magnet recognition,which organization will a hospital participate in?

Accepted Answer

Participation in NDNQI meets requirements for the Magnet Recognition Program.Although the ANA is the organization that oversees the Magnet Recognition Program,hospitals do not join this organization.The AHRQ supports research designed to improve the outcomes and quality of health care.The NQF was created as a national standard-setting organization for healthcare performance measures.

Question 7

Which is an important finding in outcomes research about Advanced Practice Nursing (APN)practice?

Accepted Answer

There is abundant research demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of APNs.In a search of all random-controlled trials comparing APNs to usual care,findings consistently showed that care by APNs resulted in equivalent or improved outcomes.Studies are not reported showing equivalent care at reduced cost.Studies do not show increased readmission rates.Patient satisfaction is high,but so are positive clinical outcomes.

Question 8

Which government agency supports research to improve the outcomes and quality of health care?

Accepted Answer

The Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)supports research designed to improve the outcomes and quality of health care.The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)is not a government agency; funding from this act allowed AHRQ to expand its work in support of comparative effectiveness research.The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)helped to establish national Canadian standards for collecting and reporting financial and statistical data from health service organizations.The Federal Drug Administration (FDA)regulates the research and distribution of medications.

Question 9

Which is an example of a type of nursing service that might be evaluated in outcomes research?

Accepted Answer

Nursing services can include staffing and education of nurses as well as implementation of protocols and standards of care.Application of products,monitoring patient status,and using measurement scales are all examples of nursing interventions.

Question 10

In critically appraising a mixed-methods design study,the nurse researcher may ask "Was the need to use mixed methods established?" and "Did the mixed-methods strategy fulfill the purpose or purposes of the study." What quality standard criterion is the researcher using?

Accepted Answer

The appropriateness criterion addresses whether the design was appropriate for the study's purpose,beginning with the researchers establishing a need to use mixed methods.The significance criterion addresses if the relevance and significance of the research question was described.The expertise criterion addresses if the researcher or research team possess the necessary skills and experience to implement the study.The methods criterion addresses the timing,data collection and analysis,interpretation,and integration of findings; as well as,describing reliability and validity of quantitative methods,trustworthiness,dependability,and credibility of qualitative methods,and protection of human subjects in the study.

Question 11

What mixed-methods design strategy is used when the researcher begins with collection and analysis of qualitative data,followed by collection of quantitative data?

Accepted Answer

Exploratory sequential designs may be used when the researcher wants to expand on what is known about a phenomenon and the researcher does not want the content of the quantitative instruments to bias data collected qualitatively.Convergent concurrent designs are used when the researcher collects quantitative and qualitative data at the same time,analyzes each set of data,and integrates the findings.Explanatory sequential designs are used when the researcher collects and analyzes quantitative data,and then collects and analyzes qualitative data to explain the quantitative findings.Parallel design is often called convergent concurrent strategy because quantitative and qualitative data collection processes are conducted at the same time.

Question 12

In an outcome study,a researcher demonstrates a link between the number of mothers who successfully breastfeed their infants and the number of maternal-child nurses who are baccalaureate prepared.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

Outcomes that are nursing sensitive are those that are influenced by nursing care decisions and actions as well as those associated with nursing staffing,education,and assignments.Interdependent nursing functions are those that include both nurse-initiated and physician-initiated treatments.Patient-sensitive outcomes are those that are influenced by different aspects of patients,such as age,gender,or disease process.The Nursing Role Effectiveness Model examines outcomes that are nursing sensitive.

Question 13

The mixed-methods design strategy that begins with the collection,analysis,and interpretation of quantitative data,followed by a qualitative phase is known as

Accepted Answer

Explanatory sequential designs are used when the researcher collects and analyzes quantitative data,and then collects and analyzes qualitative data to explain the quantitative findings.These studies are most useful in providing answers to "why" and "how" questions that arise from quantitative findings.Convergent concurrent designs are used when the researcher collects quantitative and qualitative data at the same time,analyzes each set of data,and integrates the findings.Exploratory sequential designs may be used when the researcher wants to expand on what is known about a phenomenon and the researcher does not want the content of the quantitative instruments to bias data collected qualitatively.Parallel design is often called convergent concurrent strategy because quantitative and qualitative data collection processes are conducted at the same time.

Question 14

The development of the Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set and the Universal Minimum Health Data Set was helped by

Accepted Answer

The data sets facilitated consistency in data collection among healthcare organizations by prescribing the data elements to be gathered.The data sets helped facilitate standards about data elements but did not establish guidelines for outcomes research.The Nursing Role Effectiveness Model helped to identify the contribution of nursing care to patient outcomes.The Canadian Institute for Health Information established a reporting system to report financial and statistical data from hospitals.

Question 15

Which is one of the indicators used by the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI)?

Accepted Answer

NDNQI identifies and develops nursing-sensitive quality measures.Assessment,intervention,and reassessment of pediatric pain is one of the indicators it uses.CLIA standards are those applied to hospital laboratory personnel and equipment.Biometric equipment standards are not nursing-sensitive measures.Standards about hospital residents are not nursing-sensitive measures.

Question 16

Which of the following accurately describes the purpose of a mixed-methods study?

Accepted Answer

Mixed-methods studies allow researchers to capitalize on the strengths of numbers and words to answer different components or stages of a research question.All other statements are incorrect.

Question 17

A nurse researcher explains the challenges associated with using a mixed-methods design to a group of RN-BSN students? Which statement by a nursing student indicates the need for further teaching?

Accepted Answer

The research team should consist of health professionals with different education and experiences.When the research team is multidisciplinary,the team members bring different perspectives,skills,and expertise.Mixed-methods research strategies require a depth and breadth of research knowledge,as well as a significant commitment of time and resources.

Question 18

What is the key construct in Donabedian's theory of outcomes research?

Accepted Answer

Quality of care is the overriding construct of Donabedian's theory of outcomes research.Efficiency,healthy outcomes,and professional accountability all may be examined during outcomes research,but none of these is the key construct.

Question 19

Which organization includes nursing-sensitive outcomes measures in its performance measurement portfolio?

Accepted Answer

The National Quality Forum was created as a national standard-setting organization for healthcare performance measures and includes nursing-sensitive measures in its portfolio.The Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality supports research designed to improve the outcomes and quality of health care.The Department of Health and Human Services includes the Agency of Healthcare Research and Design.The National Guideline Clearinghouse is a resource for evidence-based guidelines.

Question 20

The goal of outcomes research is to

Accepted Answer

Outcomes research focuses on the end results of healthcare practices and interventions.Cost-effectiveness is one possible outcome,but other patient outcomes may be more important.Outcomes research is not solely about end-of-life care and is not focused on end-of-life decision making.Patient satisfaction is one result but is not the goal of all outcomes research.

Quiz 14: Introduction to Additional Research Methodologies in Nursing: Mixed Methods and Outcomes Research