Question 1

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement.
-Refer to Exhibit 11-1.All subjects are entered into all experimental treatments.

Accepted Answer

Counterbalanced design is best suited for situations where all subjects are exposed to all experimental treatments, but the order of treatments is varied to control for the effects of the order.

Question 2

A research study has a design with two groups receiving a pretest, one of which receives treatment, and two groups who are not pretested, one of which receives treatment.This is a

Accepted Answer

This is a Solomon design, which includes two groups receiving a pretest, one of which receives treatment, and two groups who are not pretested, one of which receives treatment. The Solomon design is a type of experimental design that includes four groups which allows researchers to more accurately measure the effects of the treatment by controlling for factors such as testing effects and temporal factors.

Question 3

The Solomon three- and four-group designs were developed in order to control the threat of

Accepted Answer

The Solomon three- and four-group designs were specifically developed to control for the threat of pretest sensitization, which refers to the effect that taking a pretest can have on participants' responses in the posttest.

Question 4

In a randomized subjects pretest-posttest control group design, results might best be analyzed through

Accepted Answer

ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) is the best choice because it can control for and adjust for any pre-existing differences between the groups. This is important in a pretest-posttest design where the pre-existing differences could be the reason for the posttest differences. ANOVA and t-tests can only compare means between the groups and do not account for any pre-existing differences. Change scores can be used, but they do not control for pre-existing differences, so ANCOVA is still the preferred method.

Question 5

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement.
-Refer to Exhibit 11-1.Regression is controlled by random assignment, but the main effects of testing and the interaction of testing with X are not determinable.

Accepted Answer

C) Randomized subjects, pretest-posttest control-group design allows for the control of regression through random assignment. However, it does not specifically address the main effects of testing or the interaction of testing with the treatment (X), as these effects are not isolated or directly measured in this design.

Question 6

Counterbalanced designs

Accepted Answer

Counterbalanced designs involve giving the same treatments to all subjects, and may involve many groups and treatments. In addition, intact groups are rotated in order to control for order effects. Therefore, all of the options are true.

Question 7

Which of the following is an advantage of the factorial design? It

Accepted Answer

The factorial design provides all of these advantages, including the opportunity to observe interaction between variables, accomplishing what might take many separate experiments, and providing a more powerful test of the hypothesis.

Question 8

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement.
-Refer to Exhibit 11-1.Recommended design unless there is some question relative to the randomness of the assignment of subjects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select...

Question 9

There is a need to be concerned with a carry-over effect when the design is a

Accepted Answer

A counterbalanced design involves systematically varying the order of presentation of different conditions, which helps eliminate carry-over effects. Times series designs, randomized Solomon four-group designs, and randomized control-group, posttest only designs do not involve varying the order of presentation and are therefore more susceptible to carry-over effects.

Question 10

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement.
-Refer to Exhibit 11-1.Includes more than one control group with one group receiving neither pretest nor treatment.

Accepted Answer

The randomized Solomon four-group design includes more than one control group and is designed to test both the effects of pretesting and treatment. It involves four different groups: one group receiving both pretest and treatment, one group receiving only treatment, one group receiving only pretest, and one group receiving neither pretest nor treatment.

Question 11

Factorial designs are useful because they

Accepted Answer

Factorial designs do allow for multiple independent variables, and they also examine the interaction of those variables. They do not, however, build in extraneous variables. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 12

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement.
-Refer to Exhibit 11-1.Failure to control history and maturation is a definite weakness.

Accepted Answer

The one-group, pretest-posttest design lacks a control group, making it difficult to control for external variables such as history and maturation, which can affect the outcomes between the pretest and posttest.

Question 13

To investigate the interaction effect of several independent variables, a researcher would use a(n) _____ experimental design.

Accepted Answer

A factorial experimental design is the appropriate choice for investigating the interaction effect of several independent variables. It allows for the manipulation of multiple independent variables and the examination of their effects on the dependent variable, as well as the possible interactions between these independent variables. The other experimental designs listed are not designed for investigating interaction effects of multiple independent variables.

Question 14

Every subject receives every treatment in the

Accepted Answer

In a counterbalanced design, each subject receives every treatment, ensuring that any effects observed are not due to individual differences between subjects. This design controls for sequence or order effects, making it a strong choice for research studies.

Question 15

In a preexperimental design specific events may occur between the pretest and the posttest, which cause changes that are measured on the posttest.This represents a failure to control

Accepted Answer

This situation described represents a failure to control for the confounding variable of history, which refers to specific events or occurrences that take place between the pretest and posttest and affect the outcome being measured. Maturation refers to natural, developmental changes that occur over time and can also influence the posttest results, but it is not specific to events occurring between the pretest and posttest. Randomization, pretest sensitivity, and reactivity all refer to methods of controlling for extraneous variables or biases, but they are not directly related to the situation described.

Question 16

Which design can most easily be used with intact classes?

Accepted Answer

The counterbalanced design can most easily be used with intact classes as it allows for the different groups within the class to receive different treatments in a random order. This design is often used in educational research where it is not feasible to randomly assign students to different classes or schools. The other designs listed may require more manipulation or modification to be used with intact classes.

Question 17

The main disadvantage of a counterbalanced design is the lack of control for

Accepted Answer

The main disadvantage of a counterbalanced design is the lack of control for carry-over effects of treatment. This occurs when the effects of one treatment persist or influence the response to subsequent treatments, which can confound the results.

Question 18

A researcher is studying the effect of word games on spelling achievement.Of two randomly assigned groups one receives experience with word games, while the other does not.A spelling test is then administered.This design is

Accepted Answer

This design is a randomized subjects, posttest only control group design because two groups are randomly assigned and a test is administered after the intervention (or lack of intervention) has occurred. There is no manipulation of variables like in a factorial design or a counterbalanced design, and there is no pretest or static group control.

Question 19

Consider the following designs: (1)Nonrandomized pretest-posttest design; (2) Solomon three-group design; (3) two-group static design; (4) one-group pretest-posttest design; (5) counterbalanced design.Which of these would you recommend for use in the ordinary classroom setting?

Accepted Answer

The nonrandomized pretest-posttest design (1) and the counterbalanced design (5) are most feasible for use in an ordinary classroom setting. Nonrandomized pretest-posttest designs can be easy to implement, as all participants receive the same treatments and measures before and after the intervention, and no comparison group is needed. Counterbalanced designs are useful when there are multiple treatments to be tested and can be easily implemented in the classroom by randomly assigning half of the students to receive treatment A followed by treatment B, and the other half to receive treatment B followed by treatment A. The other designs may require more resources or may not be feasible for practical reasons in a classroom setting.

Question 20

A static group comparison design has a control group, but

Accepted Answer

The answer of A static group comparison design has a...

Quiz 11: Experimental Research Design

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement. -Refer to Exhibit 11-1.All subjects are entered into all experimental treatments.

A research study has a design with two groups receiving a pretest, one of which receives treatment, and two groups who are not pretested, one of which receives treatment.This is a

The Solomon three- and four-group designs were developed in order to control the threat of

In a randomized subjects pretest-posttest control group design, results might best be analyzed through

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement. -Refer to Exhibit 11-1.Regression is controlled by random assignment, but the main effects of testing and the interaction of testing with X are not determinable.

Counterbalanced designs

Which of the following is an advantage of the factorial design? It

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement. -Refer to Exhibit 11-1.Recommended design unless there is some question relative to the randomness of the assignment of subjects.

There is a need to be concerned with a carry-over effect when the design is a

Exhibit 11.1: In the following items, select the experimental design that best fits the descriptive statement. -Refer to Exhibit 11-1.Includes more than one control group with one group receiving neither pretest nor treatment.