Question 1

Exhibit 8-1: Inventories, situational tests, ratings, and projective techniques are four approaches to personality measurement.To which of the four approaches would each of the following questions most directly apply?
-Refer to Exhibit 8-1.Depend upon the honesty and cooperation of the subject
A) inventories.
B) situational tests.
C) ratings.
D) projective techniques.

Accepted Answer

Inventories typically require participants to self-report their feelings, attitudes, or behaviors, making the accuracy of the results heavily dependent on the honesty and cooperation of the subject.

Question 2

Exhibit 8-1: Inventories, situational tests, ratings, and projective techniques are four approaches to personality measurement.To which of the four approaches would each of the following questions most directly apply?
-Refer to Exhibit 8-1.Give access to motives and feelings which are not realized or verbalized by the subject
A) inventories.
B) situational tests.
C) ratings.
D) projective techniques.

Accepted Answer

Projective techniques are specifically designed to access thoughts, feelings, and motives that a person may not be aware of or verbalize on their own.

Question 3

Intelligence tests are most valid for measuring
A) innate capacity.
B) creativity.
C) inherited ability.
D) scholastic aptitude.
E) problem-solving approaches.

Accepted Answer

Intelligence tests were originally developed to measure a person's scholastic aptitude, or their ability to succeed in an academic setting. While they may also give insight into problem-solving approaches, creativity, and even certain inherited abilities, they are primarily used to measure general intelligence and one's potential success in an academic environment.

Question 4

Using the results of an item analysis, a researcher would most likely retain items for a Likert attitude scale if they
A) are judged to have content validity.
B) yield high split-half reliability.
C) have low correlation with the total scale score.
D) correlate highly with the total scale score.

Accepted Answer

Items that correlate highly with the total scale score are typically retained because they contribute to the overall consistency and reliability of the scale, indicating that they are measuring the same underlying construct as the rest of the scale.

Question 5

Projective techniques, as a group, differ from most other personality measures in their use of
A) situational tests.
B) trait assessment.
C) structured stimuli
D) unstructured stimuli.
E) theories of personality.

Accepted Answer

Projective techniques use unstructured stimuli, meaning that they rely on ambiguous or open-ended stimuli (such as inkblots or pictures) in order to elicit subjective responses from the participant. This is different from structured stimuli, which have a more objective and clear meaning.

Question 6

Scholastic aptitude tests are useful in schools because they
A) can be used to predict achievement.
B) measure innate intelligence.
C) provide a measure of academic achievement.
D) provide a measure of ability uninfluenced by academic experience.
E) are not influenced by subject's motivation, home background, etc.

Accepted Answer

Scholastic aptitude tests are designed to predict a student's future academic performance, making option A the correct choice.

Question 7

"Standardized" as applied to tests means
A) covering what should be taught.
B) having objective-type items
C) a particular type of aptitude test.
D) uniform administration and established norms.
E) having an established level of expectation.

Accepted Answer

The word "standardized" as applied to tests means having uniform administration and established norms. This ensures that every test taker is evaluated using the same process and criteria, which allows for fair and consistent comparisons of results. It does not necessarily mean that the test covers what should be taught (A), only has objective-type items (B), is a particular type of aptitude test (C), or has an established level of expectation (E).

Question 8

A counselor has two adult subjects for whom he needs intelligence test scores.Which of the following tests would you recommend?
A) Wechsler Intelligence Scale
B) Stanford-Binet Test of Intelligence
C) California Test of Mental Maturity
D) CEEB Scholastic Aptitude Test

Accepted Answer

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale is specifically designed for adults, making it the most appropriate choice for assessing adult intelligence.

Question 9

Which of the following is the best example of a "halo effect"?
A) The extreme values of the scale are extensively used.
B) A student is assigned the highest rating on all traits rated.
C) All individuals in a group are rated low on the scale.
D) A cooperative student is rated high on nearly all traits.

Accepted Answer

The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which the overall impression of a person, company, or product influences how we perceive specific traits or qualities. Choice D is the best example of this because the cooperative behavior of a student is likely to positively influence how the rater perceives their other qualities, leading them to rate the student higher on all traits. The other options do not necessarily involve a positive overall impression influencing specific traits in the same way.

Question 10

A researcher needs a measure of intelligence to use in research on children with reading difficulties.The test must be highly reliable and be given in a manner such that the children who are not used to taking standardized tests will not be at a disadvantage.Money is no object.The type of test that you would recommend for this researcher's purpose is one that is
A) individual, nonverbal, and objectively scored.
B) group, nonverbal, and subjectively scored.
C) group, nonverbal, and objectively scored.
D) group, verbal, and objectively scored.
E) individual, verbal, and subjectively scored.

Accepted Answer

The researcher needs a measure of intelligence that is highly reliable and will not disadvantage children who are not used to standardized tests. An individual, nonverbal test that is objectively scored would be the best choice for meeting these criteria. Nonverbal tests minimize the impact of language differences and cultural biases, and objective scoring ensures that the results are consistent and unbiased.

Question 11

If a researcher wanted a predictor of how well students would benefit from a proposed special mathematics instructional program he/she would most likely use
A) a scholastic aptitude test.
B) a math achievement test.
C) direct observation.
D) teachers' recommendations.

Accepted Answer

A math achievement test would be the best choice as it measures the student's current level of mathematics mastery, providing insight into their potential for improvement with the proposed program. Scholastic aptitude tests, direct observation, and teachers' recommendations may provide additional information, but may not be as directly related to the effectiveness of a specific instructional program in mathematics.

Question 12

Consider the following graphic rating scale item: 
Completes work on time
never $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$usuall $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$does excellent work
How would you evaluate this item?
A) There are too few points on the rating scale.
B) There are too many points on the rating scale.
C) The rating points are not related to the topic.
D) The points are defined in terms of behaviors that require inference on the part of the rater.
E) The points do not represent the relevant extremes of the behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the following graphic rating scale item:...

Question 13

Which of the following illustrates the "halo effect" in ratings?
A) An individual is rated high on some traits and low on others.
B) There is little variation in the ratings made of individuals in a group.
C) An uncooperative student is rated low on all traits.
D) The extreme values on the scale are rarely used by the rater.
E) All students in a class are rated high on every trait included in the rating scale.

Accepted Answer

The halo effect occurs when an individual's performance or behavior in one area influences the perception and ratings in other areas, leading to uniformly high or low ratings across different traits. In this case, an uncooperative student being rated low on all traits exemplifies the halo effect, where a negative perception in one aspect (uncooperativeness) leads to low ratings across all traits.

Question 14

Norms are best defined as
A) goals for low-achieving students.
B) the average scores received by a particular group.
C) standards for which all children should strive.
D) standards for children with the same educational backgrounds.

Accepted Answer

Norms refer to the average scores received by a specific group on a test or assessment, which can then be used as a reference point to interpret individual scores.

Question 15

A criterion-referenced achievement test would be least useful for
A) planning classroom instruction.
B) analyzing individual achievement.
C) comparing individuals' performance in a group.
D) determining minimum competency in a content area.

Accepted Answer

Criterion-referenced achievement tests are designed to assess whether a student has achieved specific learning objectives, or criteria. As such, they are best suited for analyzing individual achievement and determining minimum competency in a content area. However, they are not well suited for comparing individuals' performance in a group, as they do not provide information about how students perform relative to their peers. Similarly, while they can be used to inform classroom instruction, they are not as well-suited to this purpose as norm-referenced tests, which provide information about how students' scores compare to those of a larger population.

Question 16

Which of the following represents a major source of error in rating scales?
A) The large number of traits to be rated.
B) The variation in the type of traits to be considered.
C) The ambiguity of the trait names to the rater.
D) The familiarity of the rater with the subjects to be rated.

Accepted Answer

Ambiguity of the trait names to the rater can be a major source of error in rating scales as it can lead to inconsistency and subjectivity in the ratings. The other options are not necessarily major sources of error in rating scales.

Question 17

To increase the validity of a rating scale, it is recommended that the points on the scale be identified by
A) numbers.
B) trait names.
C) descriptive phrases.
D) qualifying terms such as frequently, seldom, never, often.

Accepted Answer

Identifying the points on the scale with descriptive phrases will provide greater clarity and understanding for raters, leading to increased validity. This is because words and phrases are easier to comprehend and interpret than numbers or abstract trait names. Additionally, descriptive phrases allow for more precise and nuanced distinctions between ratings, further improving validity. Using qualifying terms such as frequently, seldom, never, often can also enhance validity, but they are not as effective on their own without additional description. Trait names may not be clear or consistent across different raters, and relying solely on numbers can limit the degree of differentiation between ratings.

Question 18

If an individual "strongly disagrees" with a positively stated item on a Likert attitude scale, that person will receive ____ point(s).
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Accepted Answer

On a Likert scale, the response options usually range from strongly disagree to strongly agree and are assigned numerical values from 1 to 5. Therefore, if an individual strongly disagrees with a positively stated item, they would choose the option with the lowest numerical value, which is typically 1.

Question 19

Exhibit 8-1: Inventories, situational tests, ratings, and projective techniques are four approaches to personality measurement.To which of the four approaches would each of the following questions most directly apply?
-Refer to Exhibit 8-1.May be biased by the "central tendency error"
A) inventories.
B) situational tests.
C) ratings.
D) projective techniques.

Accepted Answer

The "central tendency error" is a potential bias in ratings, where the rater tends to rate everyone as average or near-average regardless of their true level of performance or personality traits. Therefore, this question most directly applies to the ratings approach.

Question 20

Which of the following would provide the most useful information for critically evaluating a published test?
A) Journal of Educational Measurement
B) Tests in Print
C) Eighteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook
D) The test publisher's catalog
E) The manual accompanying the test

Accepted Answer

The Eighteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook provides comprehensive reviews and evaluations of tests, offering critical insights into their validity, reliability, and utility, which are essential for critically evaluating a published test.

Quiz 8: Tools of Research

Exhibit 8-1: Inventories, situational tests, ratings, and projective techniques are four approaches to personality measurement.To which of the four approaches would each of the following questions most directly apply? -Refer to Exhibit 8-1.Depend upon the honesty and cooperation of the subject

Intelligence tests are most valid for measuring

Using the results of an item analysis, a researcher would most likely retain items for a Likert attitude scale if they

Projective techniques, as a group, differ from most other personality measures in their use of

Scholastic aptitude tests are useful in schools because they

"Standardized" as applied to tests means

A counselor has two adult subjects for whom he needs intelligence test scores.Which of the following tests would you recommend?

Which of the following is the best example of a "halo effect"?

If a researcher wanted a predictor of how well students would benefit from a proposed special mathematics instructional program he/she would most likely use

Consider the following graphic rating scale item: Completes work on time never $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ usuall $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ does excellent work How would you evaluate this item?

Which of the following illustrates the "halo effect" in ratings?

Norms are best defined as

A criterion-referenced achievement test would be least useful for

Which of the following represents a major source of error in rating scales?

To increase the validity of a rating scale, it is recommended that the points on the scale be identified by

If an individual "strongly disagrees" with a positively stated item on a Likert attitude scale, that person will receive ____ point(s) .

Exhibit 8-1: Inventories, situational tests, ratings, and projective techniques are four approaches to personality measurement.To which of the four approaches would each of the following questions most directly apply? -Refer to Exhibit 8-1.May be biased by the "central tendency error"

Which of the following would provide the most useful information for critically evaluating a published test?