Question 1

According to Kohlberg,what percent of the population is estimated to reach the postconventional level of morality?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory suggests that only about 20% of the population reaches the postconventional level of morality. This level involves a more abstract and principled orientation toward moral decision making, rather than following external rules or societal norms. Most people remain at the conventional level, where moral decisions are based on social approval or maintaining relationships.

Question 2

Regarding moral development,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Studies have actually shown that there are no significant differences between men and women in overall moral reasoning abilities. Gender does not play a significant role in how individuals make moral decisions.

Question 3

According to Carol Gilligan,a woman's concern with what pleases or helps others would be placed at which level in Kohlberg's system of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan's theory proposes that women tend to prioritize care and relationships, which aligns with the conventional stage (stage 3) in Kohlberg's moral development theory. This stage emphasizes social harmony and approval, and individuals at this stage prioritize the needs and wants of their loved ones over their own.

Question 4

The preconventional level of moral development is most characteristic of

Accepted Answer

The preconventional level of moral development is the first stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which suggests that individuals progress through three levels of moral reasoning. The preconventional level is most characteristic of young children and delinquents, who are primarily focused on avoiding punishment and obtaining rewards. In this stage, individuals are not yet able to reason based on abstract principles or consider the perspectives of others. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 5

Regarding her research on moral development,Carol Gilligan believes that male psychologists have,for the most part,defined moral maturity in terms of

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan's research on moral development suggests that, while males tend to prioritize justice and autonomy in their moral reasoning, females prioritize caring and relationships. Therefore, male psychologists have traditionally defined moral maturity in terms of justice and autonomy, while Gilligan argues that this overlooks important components of morality that are central to women's experiences.

Question 6

Using a story such as "The Porcupine and the Moles," Gilligan was able to demonstrate that

Accepted Answer

Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg's moral classification system for its emphasis on justice, arguing that it did not adequately represent the moral reasoning of women, who she found were more likely to use an ethics of care and responsibility.

Question 7

Gilligan's claim that boys lag behind girls in achieving caring

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's claim that boys lag behind girls in achieving caring has generally not been supported by research. Studies have found that boys are just as capable of empathy and caring as girls, but they may express it differently or may not receive the same opportunities to practice and develop these skills. However, there may still be societal biases and expectations that contribute to the perception that boys are less caring.

Question 8

Notable events,such as graduating from high school,getting married,having a child,or the death of a parent are best described as

Accepted Answer

These events are considered important markers of growth and progress in an individual's development, and are therefore referred to as developmental milestones. Graduating from high school, getting married, having a child, and the death of a parent are all significant events that mark a transition or change in an individual's life. These events are often associated with new roles, responsibilities, and challenges, and can therefore have a significant impact on an individual's psychological wellbeing and overall development.

Question 9

Which of the following theorists pointed out that Kohlberg's system is concerned mainly with justice and that women when faced with real-life dilemmas tend to use an ethic of caring?

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for its focus on justice and the neglect of care and relationships, particularly as it applies to women. She argued that women were more likely to use an ethic of caring and responsibility in their moral decision-making.

Question 10

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story,the boys in Gilligan's study tended to use an ethic of

Accepted Answer

In "The Porcupine and the Moles" story, the boys in Gilligan's study primarily focused on the fairness or justice of the situation, such as whether the porcupine deserved to be punished for eating the moles or if the moles should have tried to find a way to peacefully coexist with the porcupine. This suggests that they were using an ethic of justice to make their moral judgments.

Question 11

Carol Gilligan deserves credit for identifying a second major way in which moral choices are made,which involves the ethic of

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan's work identified the ethic of caring as a second major way of making moral choices, in addition to the ethic of justice. This perspective emphasizes the importance of relationships, connections, and empathy in ethical decision-making.

Question 12

Conventional,group-oriented morals are typical of

Accepted Answer

Conventional, group-oriented morals are typically found in older children and most adults. This is because as individuals grow and develop, they tend to conform more to the societal norms and expectations. Young children may have some understanding of these morals, but may not fully grasp their importance or complexity. Delinquents, on the other hand, may reject these conventional morals and act in opposition to them. Only 20 percent of the adult population is not an accurate statement as there is no definitive research that suggests this.

Question 13

A recent report found that a significant number of men in first-year college think unwanted sexual aggression is acceptable.These men are exhibiting which level of moral development regarding their acceptance of unwanted sexual aggression?

Accepted Answer

The acceptance of unwanted sexual aggression falls under the second level of moral development, called preconventional. At this level, individuals follow rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards, and their behavior is mainly focused on self-interest. Accepting unwanted sexual aggression would fall under this level, as these men are not considering the well-being and autonomy of the other person but are rather focused on their own desires and lack of consequences.

Question 14

Most older children and adults exhibit moral reasoning at which level of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Most older children and adults exhibit moral reasoning at the conventional level, according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this stage, individuals make moral decisions based on societal norms and the desire to maintain social order.

Question 15

At each life stage,which of the following must be mastered for optimal development?

Accepted Answer

Developmental tasks refer to the physical, cognitive, and socioemotional goals that individuals must achieve during specific stages of life in order to optimize their development. These tasks vary across different life stages and involve learning important skills and abilities such as language, socialization, and self-identity. Mastering these developmental tasks is critical for optimal development and adjustment.

Question 16

Regarding Kohlberg's moral development levels,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Option A is false because the rate of advancement through Kohlberg's moral development levels varies from person to person. Option B is false because only a small percentage of the population reaches the postconventional level. Option C is true because young children and delinquents often have not developed a sense of morality beyond what is rewarded or punished, which is characteristic of the preconventional level.

Question 17

Regarding research on moral development,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg argued that individuals move through stages of moral development, and that an emphasis on relationships is reflected in the transition from conventional to postconventional morality. Therefore, a woman's concern with relationships would not be considered a weakness but instead an indication of advanced moral reasoning.

Question 18

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story,the girls in Gilligan's study tended to use an ethic of

Accepted Answer

Based on the information given, it can be inferred that the girls in Gilligan's study tended to use an ethic of caring when presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story.

Question 19

A nurse and her husband come upon an accident late at night.While her husband stays with the accident victims and calls for help,the nurse breaks the window on the door of a nearby drugstore to get the supplies she needs to help these victims before the ambulance gets there.When the police arrive,she tells them what she did and offers to pay for the window and supplies.Which level of moral development is the nurse exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

The nurse is exhibiting postconventional moral development because she is following her own internal moral principles to help others, even if it means breaking a law or rule (in this case, breaking the window). She is also willing to take responsibility for her actions and make amends by offering to pay for the damages.

Question 20

Every life is marked by a number of notable events,markers,or turning points in personal development known as

Accepted Answer

Developmental milestones are specific physical, cognitive, or social accomplishments that occur at predictable times during development. These milestones mark a child's progress and development as they grow and mature. Examples of developmental milestones include sitting up, walking, and saying their first words.

Quiz 3: C: Human Development