Question 1

______________ and ________________ posit that emotional problems result from the way people think.
A) Carl Rogers…Fred Rogers
B) Sigmund Freud…Carl Jung
C) Aaron Beck…Albert Ellis
D) Salvador Minuchin…Jay Haley
E) Viktor Frankl…Irvin Yalom

Accepted Answer

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis are both cognitive behavioral therapists who focus on the idea that emotional problems arise from negative or dysfunctional thought patterns. They advocate for changing these thought patterns in order to improve overall emotional well-being.

Question 2

Through the process of __________________, dysfunctional thinking is evaluated realistically and transformed to more functional thinking.
A) cognitive restructuring
B) systematic desensitization
C) solution-focused brief therapy
D) psychoanalysis
E) Gestalt therapy

Accepted Answer

Cognitive restructuring is the process of evaluating and changing dysfunctional thought patterns to more functional and adaptive ones. The other options (systematic desensitization, solution-focused brief therapy, psychoanalysis, and Gestalt therapy) focus on different therapeutic approaches and techniques, but do not specifically address the process of cognitive restructuring.

Question 3

Which of the following clients would not be good candidates for cognitive strategies?
A) Very young children
B) Cognitively impaired individuals
C) Individuals suffering from delusions
D) Individuals suffering from hallucinations
E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Cognitive strategies often require a certain level of cognitive functioning to be effective. Very young children, cognitively impaired individuals, and those suffering from delusions or hallucinations may not have the necessary cognitive capabilities or stability to effectively engage with and benefit from cognitive strategies.

Question 4

Which of the points stated below must counselors remember when they are inclined to normalize a client's reaction?
A) Helping the client understand that his or her reactions are within the norm of what other people in similar situations experience can be therapeutic in itself.
B) Normalization should be used sparingly, never used dishonestly, and not used in isolation but in context.
C) Although counselors take care to be objective and factual, they do not normalize reactions that are maladaptive or unhealthy.
D) All of the above.
E) Both a and b

Accepted Answer

All of the stated points are important for counselors to remember when considering normalization of a client's reaction. It is therapeutic to help clients understand that their reactions are within the norm of what others experience, but normalization should be used honestly and in context, and it should not be used for reactions that are maladaptive or unhealthy.

Question 5

Which of the principles stated below is/are intended to guide the use of feedback in counseling?
A) Feedback should be specific, descriptive, objective, and nonjudgmental.
B) Feedback should target behaviors that can be changed.
C) Feedback should offer information on what is right first, followed by information on what needs to be changed.
D) Feedback should be given directly or as close as possible after the problematic behavior occurs.
E) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

Each of the principles listed (A through D) is intended to guide the use of feedback in counseling. They emphasize the importance of providing feedback that is specific, nonjudgmental, focused on changeable behaviors, balanced in addressing positives before negatives, and timely in relation to the observed behaviors.

Question 6

For training purposes, the skill of ____________________is best left until you are toward the end of your training, or not at all, because it is so easy to misuse.
A) interpretation
B) paraphrasing
C) advanced accurate empathy
D) reflection of feeling
E) summarization

Accepted Answer

Interpretation is a skill that is best left until the end of training or not at all because it is so easy to misuse.

Question 7

When confronting a client, the counselor:
A) should challenge him or her in a general way so as to avoid being overly intimidating.
B) describes a discrepancy and evaluates it.
C) challenges the client to look at his or her incongruities in a well-timed and calmly stated way.
D) should not be overly concerned about being tactful since that may stifle his or her expression and true reaction.
E) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Challenging a client to look at their incongruities in a well-timed and calmly stated way is the most effective approach when confronting a client. This allows the counselor to point out discrepancies and encourage the client to examine their thoughts and behaviors, without being overly intimidating or aggressive. Being tactful and respectful is important in maintaining a positive working relationship with the client. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 8

When the counselor is able to identify and point out patterns of dysfunctional thoughts or less than optimal behavior or find themes across several areas, the client:
A) can discover a new point of view.
B) often feels shamed and embarrassed.
C) is ready to terminate counseling.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Accepted Answer

When the counselor is able to identify and point out patterns of dysfunctional thoughts or less than optimal behavior, it can help the client discover a new point of view and gain insight into their behavior. It is not appropriate for the client to feel shamed or embarrassed, and it does not necessarily indicate readiness to terminate counseling.

Question 9

________________________is a behavioral modification approach in which a client is given a valued object as an immediate and tangible reinforcer for appropriate behavior.
A) Object relations therapy
B) A token economy
C) A therapeutic bribe
D) Cognitive restructuring
E) Therapeutic use of props

Accepted Answer

A token economy is a behavioral modification approach in which a client is given a token or a point for appropriate behavior, which can be exchanged for a valued object or privilege. It provides an immediate and tangible reinforcer, promoting positive behavior and discouraging negative behaviors. The objects or privileges used as reinforcers may vary depending on the individual's preferences and the treatment setting.

Question 10

Systematic desensitization consists of all of the following steps except
A) teaching the client a relaxation process.
B) developing a hierarchy of anxiety-causing situations.
C) positioning relaxation and anxiety together in a specific situation.
D) accompanying the client to the location of the anxiety-provoking situation/event.
E) None of the above.

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization typically does not involve accompanying the client to the location of the anxiety-provoking situation/event. Instead, the client imagines the situation while practicing relaxation techniques until they can tolerate it without excessive anxiety.

Question 11

Assertiveness training is a structured process that teaches clients how to appropriately act in their own best interests without infringing on the rights of others.

Accepted Answer

Assertiveness training aims to teach individuals how to express their thoughts, feelings, and needs in an appropriate and effective manner while also respecting the rights and boundaries of others.

Question 12

In paradoxical intent, the counselor tells the client to behave in a way that is the opposite of the targeted goal.

Accepted Answer

In paradoxical intent, the counselor intentionally advises the client to behave in a contradictory manner to achieve the desired outcome. This technique is commonly used in cognitive-behavioral therapy to help clients overcome their fears or anxieties by purposely engaging in the feared behavior.

Question 13

Techniques used in relaxation training include breathing exercises, meditation, yoga, biofeedback, nonstress-inducing exercise, and progressive muscle relaxation.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true.

Question 14

Covert modeling occurs when the counselor demonstrates through her own actions in the here and now, how to behave.

Accepted Answer

Covert modeling involves the client imagining a model performing a behavior, rather than observing the behavior in real life; it does not involve the counselor demonstrating behavior in person.

Question 15

Behavioral contracts are open-ended, and measured in terms of completion.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral contracts are specific and measurable in terms of goals and outcomes, not open-ended. They also include consequences for both meeting and not meeting the terms of the contract.

Question 16

Traditional behaviorists believe that once a behavior is learned, it cannot be unlearned.

Accepted Answer

Contemporary behaviorists disagree with this idea and believe that behaviors can be unlearned or modified through various methods, such as extinction, reinforcement, and punishment.

Question 17

A decision strategy, developed by Gelatt called negative uncertainty presents a new framework to "help clients deal with change and ambiguity, accept uncertainty and inconsistency, and utilize the nonrational and intuitive side of thinking and choosing.

Accepted Answer

The decision strategy you're referring to is called Positive Uncertainty, not negative uncertainty. H.B. Gelatt developed this concept to help individuals embrace uncertainty and make decisions in the face of it by balancing rational and intuitive thinking.

Question 18

Interpretation is usually not regarded as a risky intervention.

Accepted Answer

Interpretation can sometimes be a risky intervention as it involves the therapist's subjective interpretation and can be misinterpreted or rejected by the client, potentially damaging the relationship and hindering progress.

Question 19

In establishing a client's baseline, a counselor is obtaining a measure of the client's current behavior.

Accepted Answer

Establishing a baseline involves obtaining a measure of a client's current behavior in order to track progress and identify changes over time.

Question 20

Watching television, a DVD, or reading a book to observe target behaviors are examples of symbolic modeling.

Accepted Answer

Symbolic modeling involves observing behaviors through symbolic representation, such as through media like television or books.

Quiz 13: Responding to Thoughts and Behaviors

and __ posit that emotional problems result from the way people think.

Through the process of __________________, dysfunctional thinking is evaluated realistically and transformed to more functional thinking.

Which of the following clients would not be good candidates for cognitive strategies?

Which of the points stated below must counselors remember when they are inclined to normalize a client's reaction?

Which of the principles stated below is/are intended to guide the use of feedback in counseling?

For training purposes, the skill of ____________________is best left until you are toward the end of your training, or not at all, because it is so easy to misuse.

When confronting a client, the counselor:

When the counselor is able to identify and point out patterns of dysfunctional thoughts or less than optimal behavior or find themes across several areas, the client:

________________________is a behavioral modification approach in which a client is given a valued object as an immediate and tangible reinforcer for appropriate behavior.

Systematic desensitization consists of all of the following steps except