Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

Affirmative action has increased the number of Black and Latino students accepted to Ivy League schools, but not necessarily by 125%. This specific number is not accurate.

Question 2

Sociological theories in the field of race and ethnic relations look at:

Accepted Answer

Sociological theories in the field of race and ethnic relations focus on how racism functions and how people are racialized. Theories in this area examine how race functions as a social construct and the ways in which it intersects with other social categories, such as class and gender, to produce various forms of inequality and discrimination. The goal of these theories is to provide insight into the dynamics of race relations and to inform strategies for reducing or eliminating racism.

Question 3

Racially discriminatory actions by individuals, such as a landlord lying about an apartment being taken because the person on the phone has an "Asian accent," constitutes:

Accepted Answer

Discriminatory actions by individuals based on race or ethnicity fall under the category of individual racism. Systemic racism refers to the ways in which policies and practices of institutions such as governments, corporations, and schools create and maintain racial inequalities. Structural racism refers to the larger societal structures and institutions that perpetuate racial inequalities. Linguistic racism refers to discrimination based on language or accent.

Question 4

Racial microaggressions are?

Accepted Answer

Racial microaggressions are subtle insults, invalidations, or put-downs that are often unintended but still have a negative impact on the person of color. They are not necessarily overtly racist, but their cumulative effect over time can be damaging to the psychological well-being of people of color.

Question 5

Out of a recent study of 152 Asian Americans _____ of them experienced microaggressions during a two-week period.

Accepted Answer

78% of the 152 Asian Americans reported experiencing microaggressions in the study, highlighting the prevalence of these subtle forms of discrimination within a short timeframe.

Question 6

Which of the following is a real-life example of a racial microaggression gathered by The Microaggressions Project?

Accepted Answer

All three options are real-life examples of racial microaggressions gathered by The Microaggressions Project. Option A is an example of exoticization of a Muslim woman, while option B assumes that all private university attendees play football, reinforcing stereotypes about athletes. Option C assumes that all people of Asian background must be proficient in their native language, regardless of their individual abilities or qualifications.

Question 7

In Black neighborhoods in Washington D.C. and Chicago, nearly three-quarters of Black men have been incarcerated. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

The high rates of incarceration of Black men in these neighborhoods are a result of policies and practices within the criminal justice system that disproportionately target and punish Black individuals. This is an example of institutional racism, where systemic policies and practices within institutions, such as law enforcement and the criminal justice system, create and maintain racial inequalities. Community racism, cultural racism, and color-blind racism do not fully capture the systemic and structural nature of the issue at hand.

Question 8

_____ racism focuses on accumulated acts of racism across history and throughout one's lifetime; _____ racism focuses on inter-institutional interactions across time and space; and ______racism focuses on practices within institutions?

Accepted Answer

Systemic racism refers to the accumulated acts of racism over time. Structural racism involves inter-institutional interactions across time and space. Institutional racism pertains to practices within institutions.

Question 9

Systemic racism theory gives primacy to _____ and to _____.

Accepted Answer

Systemic racism theory places great importance on the historical and ongoing legacy of anti-Blackness in institutions and society, which underlies the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities visible today.

Question 10

Racial inequality in housing leads to racial inequality in schooling, which in turn leads to racial inequality in the labor market. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Structural racism refers to a system in which policies, practices, and structures perpetuate racial inequalities across society. The example given in the question illustrates how racial inequality in one institution (housing) can lead to racial inequality in other areas (education and labor market), which is a hallmark of structural racism.

Question 11

According to Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, "Societies that have _________ differentially allocate economic, political, social, and even psychological rewards to groups along racial lines."

Accepted Answer

Bonilla-Silva refers to "racialized social systems" to describe societies that distribute rewards and opportunities differently among racial groups. This concept emphasizes the systemic nature of racial disparities across various aspects of life.

Question 12

Racial formation theory argues that ______ is the primary site where race is constructed and contested?

Accepted Answer

Racial formation theory argues that the state, including government policies and practices, is the primary site where race is constructed and contested. The theory suggests that the state has the power to shape and define racial categories and identities through its institutional practices and policies.

Question 13

Through a process of racial formation, both the ______ government and _____ governments define who is and who is not Native American.

Accepted Answer

The federal government has historically played a significant role in defining who is and who is not Native American through various policies and laws such as the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. However, tribes also have the authority to determine their own membership criteria and therefore play a role in defining Native American identity. State governments have some jurisdiction over Native American affairs, but they typically do not have the power to define Native American identity. Local governments have even less authority in this regard.

Question 14

Kandaswamy (2012) argues that ________ideas of gender, sexuality, race, and class influence public opinions about who deserves state assistance and who does not.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kandaswamy (2012) argues that ________ideas of gender,...

Question 15

Andrea Smith (2012) argues that there are three pillars of White supremacy. They are:

Accepted Answer

According to Andrea Smith, the three pillars of White supremacy are anti-Black racism, genocide, and orientalism.

Question 16

Islamophobia began as _______ discrimination and has evolved into ________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Islamophobia is discrimination against Muslims, and while it is often based on religious differences, it has evolved into racial/ethnic discrimination as well. This is because many people associate Islam with certain races or ethnicities, and therefore discriminate against people based on those characteristics rather than solely religious differences.

Question 17

White supremacy, patriarchy, and capitalism are three _______ systems of oppression.

Accepted Answer

These systems of oppression are often described as "interlocking," indicating how they are connected and reinforce each other.

Question 18

Which of the following scholars did NOT contribute to the concept of intersectionality?

Accepted Answer

While Patricia Hill Collins, Kimberlé Crenshaw, and bell hooks are all known for their contributions to intersectionality theory, Maria Espinosa is not a scholar typically associated with this concept.

Question 19

Which of the following would be systems of oppression that require intersectional analysis?

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed involve multiple identities that can lead to experiences of oppression and privilege. Therefore, all of them require intersectional analysis.

Question 20

Critical race theory is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Critical race theory is:
...

Quiz 4: Sociological Theories of Race and Racism