Question 1

In one generation between 1940 and 1999, more than _________African Americans died prematurely relative to Whites.

Accepted Answer

According to research by the American Public Health Association, over 4 million African Americans died prematurely from 1940 to 1999, compared to Whites. This is due to a variety of factors including systemic racism, socioeconomic disparities, and unequal access to healthcare.

Question 2

The highest COVID-19 death rate in Michigan is in zip code 48325, which is ______ African American and has a high poverty rate?

Accepted Answer

Zip code 48325 is 97% African American and has a high poverty rate.

Question 3

One study in Baltimore found that neighborhoods with a high percentage of African Americans are more likely to have __________ than White communities:

Accepted Answer

The study found that neighborhoods with a high percentage of African Americans are more likely to have liquor stores than White communities.

Question 4

Over ______ of babies born to Black women with a college degree had low birth weight, as compared to 8% of babies born to White women without __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Over ______ of babies born to Black...

Question 5

Dr. Whitney Pirtle argues that _______ _________ is a fundamental cause of COVID-19 because it fundamentally influences how the disease spreads and reproduces itself.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Whitney Pirtle argues that racial capitalism is a fundamental cause of COVID-19 because it dictates how resources are distributed, leading to unequal access to healthcare, education, and other social determinants of health for marginalized racial groups. This influences how the disease spreads and reproduces itself, as marginalized communities are more vulnerable to infection and mortality due to underlying health conditions and lack of access to healthcare.

Question 6

The highest COVID-19 death rate in Michigan is in zip code 48325, which is _______ African American and has a high poverty rate.

Accepted Answer

The highest COVID-19 death rate in Michigan is in zip code 48325, which is 97% African American and has a high poverty rate. This statistic highlights the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on communities with high poverty rates and predominantly African American populations.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a reason that racial residential segregation is the primary cause of Black/White health disparities?

Accepted Answer

While African Americans may sometimes choose to live in predominantly Black neighborhoods for a variety of reasons, including cultural connection, family ties, and community support, their preference for these neighborhoods is not the primary reason for Black/White health disparities. Studies have consistently shown that racial residential segregation concentrates poverty and resources in Black neighborhoods, leading to increased exposure to environmental hazards, unhealthy living conditions, and limited access to quality healthcare and healthy food options. All other options listed are valid reasons why racial residential segregation contributes to Black/White health disparities.

Question 8

David Williams and Chiquita Collins (2001) explain that neighborhoods with unsafe streets where people are scared to exercise, with more advertisements for alcohol and tobacco, and higher rates of violent crime are experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Pathogenic refers to something that causes disease or sickness. In this case, the unsafe streets, high rates of violent crime, and advertising for harmful substances create an environment that is detrimental to the health and well-being of those who live there.

Question 9

Diane Lauderdale (2006) found that Arab women had higher rates of birth outcomes six months after what event?

Accepted Answer

According to the question, Diane Lauderdale found that Arab women had higher rates of birth outcomes six months after what event. The only event listed in the choices that occurred six months prior to the study is September 11th, 2001. Therefore, the best choice is B, September 11th, 2001.

Question 10

Other researchers found that infants born to Latina mothers had a 24% higher risk of low birth weight after:

Accepted Answer

A mass deportation on the southern border and a traumatic immigration raid that happened in Postville, Iowa, are both events that could have caused stress and anxiety in Latina mothers, which could have led to an increased risk of low birth weight in their infants.

Question 11

A study of emergency room care providers found _______ _______ against Native American adults and children, which likely affected their care.

Accepted Answer

The question is referencing the concept of implicit biases, which refers to unconscious attitudes and beliefs that affect our behavior and decision-making. It is likely that the emergency room care providers in this study held implicit biases against Native American adults and children, which would have affected the care they provided. Individual racism, colorblind racism, and harmful stereotyping are all related but different concepts that may also contribute to healthcare disparities experienced by marginalized communities, including Native Americans.

Question 12

A framework used to explain how health outcomes change over the life course is a:

Accepted Answer

The term "life-course perspective" is specifically used to describe the framework that explains how health outcomes change over the life course. The other answer choices do not accurately describe this specific framework.

Question 13

A framework used to explain the increasing divergence between Black and White health outcomes that focuses on how disadvantages accumulate over the life course is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

The framework used to explain the increasing divergence between Black and White health outcomes that focuses on how disadvantages accumulate over the life course is called a cumulative disadvantage perspective.

Question 14

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Black workers are laid off more and hired less. If researchers connect higher rates of COVID deaths among Black patients to stress from being unemployed, this is called the:

Accepted Answer

The weathering hypothesis claims that chronic stress from facing discrimination and social disadvantage leads to premature aging and negative health outcomes, leading to higher COVID-19 mortality rates among Black patients. The impact of unemployment exacerbates this stress, leading to further negative health outcomes.

Question 15

A recent study found that although Blacks and Mexican Americans have worse health outcomes than Whites overall:

Accepted Answer

The study found that Mexican Americans do not experience an increased likelihood of serious medical conditions with age, which sets them apart from Blacks as well as Whites. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as there is no evidence to support these claims in the study.

Question 16

Poor or low-income disabled people of color face all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Poor or low-income disabled people of color are less likely to have financial resources or family members with financial resources, making it less likely for them to borrow from family.

Question 17

Which of the following are related to genetics?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following are related to...

Question 18

A lack of plumbing disproportionately affects racial communities. Which group has the highest rates of living without plumbing?

Accepted Answer

Native Americans have the highest rates of living without plumbing, with 7.3% lacking complete plumbing facilities according to the American Community Survey. This is more than twice the rate of the next highest group, which is Blacks at 3.6%. Poor Whites and Mexicans have lower rates of living without plumbing at 2.2% and 2.8%, respectively.

Question 19

Camila Alvarez and Kathryn Norton-Smith (2018) measured estimated cancer risk for air toxins in immigrant communities. They found that the destinations where Latin American immigrants were moving to:

Accepted Answer

The study found that the destinations where Latin American immigrants were moving to had higher than average estimated cancer risk from air toxins.

Question 20

In January 2015, during the water crisis, Flint Michigan was found to be in violation of the:

Accepted Answer

The Safe Drinking Water Act is the federal law that ensures safe drinking water for people in the United States. Flint Michigan was found to be in violation of this act due to high levels of lead in their drinking water.

Quiz 12: Health Inequalities, Environmental Racism, and Environmental Justice