Question 1

Research by Mongrain and Leather (2006) showed that _____ and _____ interact to predict the recurrence of depression in graduate students.
A) self-criticism; previous major depression episodes
B) self-criticism; maladaptive dependency
C) maladaptive dependency; previous major depression episodes
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Mongrain and Leather (2006) found that self-criticism and maladaptive dependency interact to predict the recurrence of depression in graduate students.

Question 2

The tendency for depressed people to see the world negatively is termed:
A) Depressive mindset
B) Negative schema
C) Dysfunctional thinking
D) Reality

Accepted Answer

The term for the tendency to see the world negatively is a negative schema. A schema is a mental framework or pattern that helps people organize and interpret information. In depression, individuals develop negative schemas that influence their perceptions and interpretations of the world around them. This leads to a negative outlook on life and can ultimately worsen their depressive symptoms. Choice A (Depressive mindset) and C (Dysfunctional thinking) are related to this concept but are not the correct term. Choice D (Reality) is an incorrect choice as depression often involves a distorted perception of reality.

Question 3

Which personality factor has been shown to be associated with poorer response to cognitive therapy?
A) Self-criticism
B) Cynicism
C) Dependency
D) Narcissism

Accepted Answer

Self-criticism has been identified as a personality factor that is associated with poorer response to cognitive therapy. Individuals with high levels of self-criticism tend to be overly self-critical and have negative beliefs about themselves, which can make it difficult for them to engage in the self-reflection and cognitive restructuring required in cognitive therapy.

Question 4

Depressive cognitive biases, according to the cognitive theory of depression, are
A) pessimistic global views of self, world, and future.
B) negative beliefs about how things work in the world.
C) negative schemata triggered by negative life events.
D) distorted ways of reaching conclusions about events.

Accepted Answer

Depressive cognitive biases involve viewing oneself, the world, and the future in a negative and pessimistic manner. Options B and C also touch upon negative beliefs and schemata, but they may not necessarily be specific to the individual's own outlook on life. Option D is generally true of cognitive biases in general but may not be specific to depressive biases.

Question 5

Dr. Neil Rector and colleagues (2000) examined personality trait predictors of depression treatment response and found that:
A) Self-criticism traits predicted poor treatment response
B) Sociotropy and autonomous traits predicted differential response to treatment
C) Sociotropy traits predicted response to CBT but not drug treatment
D) Personality trait vulnerabilities are not relevant to whether someone will respond to treatment.

Accepted Answer

According to the study, self-criticism traits predicted poor treatment response.

Question 6

James plays violin in the local symphony. A recent concert was poorly reviewed in a newspaper article, and James feels worthless and despondent. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions?
A) Selective abstraction
B) Overgeneralization
C) Arbitrary inference
D) Magnification

Accepted Answer

Selective abstraction involves focusing on a single negative detail and allowing it to define the entire situation, which is what James is doing by letting one poor review affect his self-worth.

Question 7

One method for studying cognitive processing in depression is to use a Stroop task. This method typically reveals that:
A) Depressed individuals are faster at identifying depression-oriented words
B) Depressed individuals are faster at identifying neutral words
C) Depressed individuals are faster at identifying both depression-oriented and neutral words
D) Non-depressed individuals show clear differences in response latencies across different word types

Accepted Answer

The answer of One method for studying cognitive processing in...

Question 8

According to Wheeler et al. (2011), those who identify as self-critical perfectionists show the following:
A) They strive for achievement and perfection and engage in self-evaluation
B) They perceive a need to pursue unrealistic goals imposed by others
C) They have a defensive separation and preference for solitude
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The article states that those who identify as self-critical perfectionists exhibit all three characteristics listed. They strive for achievement and perfection and engage in self-evaluation, they perceive a need to pursue unrealistic goals imposed by others, and they have a defensive separation and preference for solitude.

Question 9

A cognitive bias that involves making a sweeping judgment about the self on the basis of a single event is known as:
A) Selective abstraction
B) Amplification
C) Catastrophization
D) Overgeneralization

Accepted Answer

Overgeneralization involves making a broad conclusion or belief based on a single event or limited evidence. This can lead to inaccurate and negative self-perceptions. Selective abstraction refers to focusing only on negative details while ignoring positive aspects. Amplification involves exaggerating the importance or negative significance of an event. Catastrophization involves expecting the worst possible outcome in a situation.

Question 10

Neville believes he is worthless because he invited his friends over to his house to watch a game, and their favourite team lost the game. According to Beck's theory, which cognitive 'bias' does this represent?
A) Arbitrary inference
B) Selective abstraction
C) Overgeneralization
D) Magnification and minimization

Accepted Answer

Arbitrary inference involves drawing a conclusion without evidence or despite contradictory evidence. Neville's belief that he is worthless because his friends' favorite team lost a game at his house is an example of drawing a negative conclusion (about his worth) without a logical basis, as the outcome of the game is not logically connected to his value as a person.

Question 11

Research with the McGill Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) has shown a strong association between self-criticism and depression but a weaker association between dependency and depression. Why?
A) Self-criticism and dependency are negatively correlated.
B) Self-criticism accounts for a significant proportion of the variance in dependency.
C) The scale does not distinguish adaptive from maladaptive dependency.
D) In most cases, dependency is a protective factor for depression despite its negative implications for other life tasks.

Accepted Answer

The scale used in the research with the McGill Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) does not distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive forms of dependency. Therefore, it may not capture the full extent of the relationship between dependency and depression.

Question 12

Sapida realizes after she has already turned in her paper that she forgot to make a title page. She feels worthless and expects to receive a poor grade. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions?
A) Selective abstraction
B) Overgeneralization
C) Arbitrary inference
D) Magnification

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sapida realizes after she has already turned...

Question 13

A recent British study (Dunn et al., 2009) found that _____ in depressed individuals is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic (loss of pleasure) symptoms.
A) reduced positive self-judgment bias
B) moderate levels of self-esteem
C) low levels of restricted schemas
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The study found that reduced positive self-judgment bias (believing good things about oneself) was associated with depressed-specific anhedonic symptoms. This suggests that depressed individuals have a tendency to judge themselves more negatively and have less positive views of themselves.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is most likely to come from a depressed person living in the United States, according to Beck's theory?
A) "The world is going to hell in a hand basket."
B) "Our country has never been the same since the attack on Iraq, and never will be as respected by the world again."
C) "I will never be able to figure out how to do my job the way my boss wants me to."
D) All of the above are typical examples of the thought processes of depressed individuals in Beck's view.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is most...

Question 15

According to Aaron Beck, the negative triad consists of a negative view of:
A) Self, family, friends
B) Family, friends, world
C) Family, friends, future
D) Self, world, future

Accepted Answer

According to Aaron Beck, the negative triad consists of a negative view of self, world, and future. In other words, individuals with depression tend to have negative beliefs about themselves, the world around them, and their future prospects. These negative beliefs can contribute to feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, and despair.

Question 16

A recent British study (Dunn et al., 2009) found that reduced positive self-judgment bias in _____ is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic (loss of pleasure) symptoms.
A) people with moderate levels of self-esteem
B) depressed individuals
C) anxious individuals
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The study found that reduced positive self-judgment bias was specifically associated with anhedonic symptoms in depressed individuals.

Question 17

The congruency hypothesis suggests that depression results from:
A) incongruence in actual mood and expected mood
B) unexpected success in an important area of interpersonal need
C) a failure or rejection in an important area of interpersonal need
D) congruence between expectation of depression and experience of depression

Accepted Answer

The congruency hypothesis suggests that depression results from a failure or rejection in an important area of interpersonal need. This means that there is a mismatch between what an individual wants or needs in terms of social and interpersonal relationships and what they are actually experiencing, resulting in feelings of depression. Choices A and D do involve congruence but not in the context of the congruency hypothesis, and choice B suggests unexpected success as a trigger for depression, which is not supported by the hypothesis.

Question 18

Dr. Scott McCabe and colleagues (2000) studied differences in cognitive processes by looking at attentional processes. This research found that:
A) Depressed individuals selectively attend to positive material
B) Depressed individuals selectively attend to negative material
C) Non-depressed individuals selectively attend to positive material
D) Non-depressed individuals do not selectively attend to either positive or negative material

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Scott McCabe and colleagues (2000) studied...

Question 19

Charlie believes he is worthless because his boss told him so; he is usually one of top salesmen at his office, although he failed to obtain one minor account. This is an illustration of which cognitive distortion?
A) Selective abstraction
B) Projection
C) Arbitrary inference
D) Magnification

Accepted Answer

Magnification is a cognitive distortion where an individual exaggerates the importance of a minor failure or negative event, leading to an inflated perception of its impact on their self-worth or abilities. Charlie is magnifying the significance of not obtaining one minor account, despite his overall success.

Question 20

Using the Self-Critical Perfectionism Scale (SCPS), Wheeler et al. (2010) reported that two groups showed the highest levels of self-critical perfectionism relative to other clinical groups and a control group. What did these two groups suffer from?
A) Depression and panic disorder
B) Panic disorder and social anxiety disorder
C) Social anxiety disorder and dysthymic
D) Depression and social anxiety disorder

Accepted Answer

Wheeler et al. (2010) reported that the two groups with the highest levels of self-critical perfectionism were those suffering from depression and social anxiety disorder.

Quiz 8: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Research by Mongrain and Leather (2006) showed that _ and _ interact to predict the recurrence of depression in graduate students.

The tendency for depressed people to see the world negatively is termed:

Which personality factor has been shown to be associated with poorer response to cognitive therapy?

Depressive cognitive biases, according to the cognitive theory of depression, are

Dr. Neil Rector and colleagues (2000) examined personality trait predictors of depression treatment response and found that:

James plays violin in the local symphony. A recent concert was poorly reviewed in a newspaper article, and James feels worthless and despondent. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions?

One method for studying cognitive processing in depression is to use a Stroop task. This method typically reveals that:

According to Wheeler et al. (2011) , those who identify as self-critical perfectionists show the following:

A cognitive bias that involves making a sweeping judgment about the self on the basis of a single event is known as:

Neville believes he is worthless because he invited his friends over to his house to watch a game, and their favourite team lost the game. According to Beck's theory, which cognitive 'bias' does this represent?

Research with the McGill Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) has shown a strong association between self-criticism and depression but a weaker association between dependency and depression. Why?

Sapida realizes after she has already turned in her paper that she forgot to make a title page. She feels worthless and expects to receive a poor grade. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions?

A recent British study (Dunn et al., 2009) found that _____ in depressed individuals is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic (loss of pleasure) symptoms.

Which of the following statements is most likely to come from a depressed person living in the United States, according to Beck's theory?

According to Aaron Beck, the negative triad consists of a negative view of:

A recent British study (Dunn et al., 2009) found that reduced positive self-judgment bias in _____ is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic (loss of pleasure) symptoms.

The congruency hypothesis suggests that depression results from:

Dr. Scott McCabe and colleagues (2000) studied differences in cognitive processes by looking at attentional processes. This research found that:

Charlie believes he is worthless because his boss told him so; he is usually one of top salesmen at his office, although he failed to obtain one minor account. This is an illustration of which cognitive distortion?

Using the Self-Critical Perfectionism Scale (SCPS) , Wheeler et al. (2010) reported that two groups showed the highest levels of self-critical perfectionism relative to other clinical groups and a control group. What did these two groups suffer from?