Question 1

Labeling theory assumes all societies are in a process of constant change.

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory primarily focuses on the social processes that lead to individuals being labeled as deviant and the effects of such labeling on their identities and behaviors, rather than on societal change as a whole.

Question 2

______ refers to reducing the criminality of certain illegal activities.

Accepted Answer

Decriminalization refers to the process of reducing or eliminating the criminal penalties associated with certain acts, typically to reduce the burden on legal systems or reflect changes in societal attitudes towards those acts.

Question 3

______ claims that recidivism can be reduced by limiting stigmatization by authorities and society.

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory suggests that recidivism can be reduced by limiting stigmatization, as it argues that individuals become more deeply involved in criminal activities when they are labeled as criminals by society and authorities.

Question 4

______ theories of crime assume that all societies are in a process of constant change and that this dynamic process creates conflicts among various societal groups.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theories of crime focus on the idea that societal change and the resulting conflicts among different groups lead to crime.

Question 5

Ted Kaczynski was known as the ______.

Accepted Answer

Ted Kaczynski was known as the Unabomber, a domestic terrorist who conducted a nationwide bombing campaign against people involved with modern technology.

Question 6

______ applied Marxist and conflict perspectives, as well as numerous other types of models, to study the state of cultural diversity in industrial societies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______ applied Marxist and conflict perspectives, as...

Question 7

______ assumed that the competition for power among various groups in society is the primary cause of crime.

Accepted Answer

Turk is known for his theory that views crime as a result of the competition for power among different groups in society.

Question 8

Selling stated that ______ is the result of laws being enacted that represent the interests of only the dominant group.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Selling stated that ______ is the result...

Question 9

Which of these policies is NOT evolved from social reaction and labeling theory?

Accepted Answer

Dilution is not a policy evolved from social reaction and labeling theory. Social reaction (labeling) theory focuses on the societal response to offenders, leading to policies like diversion, decriminalization, and deinstitutionalization, which aim to reduce the negative impact of labeling and formal processing in the criminal justice system. Dilution, as presented, does not directly relate to these concepts.

Question 10

______ presented a theoretical model that claims that delinquency and crime are the result of problematic parenting.

Accepted Answer

Colvin and Pauly presented a theoretical model that suggests delinquency and crime can be attributed to problematic parenting, focusing on the role of family and socialization processes in the development of criminal behavior.

Question 11

Some critics of Vold's research claimed that he put too little emphasis on the ______ and too much on the ______.

Accepted Answer

Vold's critics argued that he focused excessively on the creation of laws and not enough on their enforcement, suggesting a perceived imbalance in his research emphasis between these two aspects of law.

Question 12

More modern frameworks (concerning Marxist theories) place more emphasis on factors that stem from ______.

Accepted Answer

Modern frameworks that evolve from Marxist theories often place more emphasis on factors stemming from capitalism, as Marxism itself is a critique of capitalist society and its class structures.

Question 13

The bulk of policies that have been derived from ______ have emphasized attempting to make laws, enforcement, and processing through the justice system more equitable in terms of social class.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theories focus on the inequalities and power differentials in society, often emphasizing the need to address social class disparities in the justice system.

Question 14

______ involves trying to get cases out of the formal justice system as soon as possible.

Accepted Answer

Diversion involves redirecting cases away from the formal justice system to alternative measures, aiming to handle them more efficiently and often more humanely, without the need for formal judicial proceedings.

Question 15

During the 1950s, society was looking for theories that placed the blame of criminal offending on government authorities, either the police or societal institutions like the economic structure or class structure.

Accepted Answer

During the 1950s, criminological theories often focused on individual pathology, social disorganization, or cultural influences rather than placing blame directly on government authorities or societal institutions like the economic or class structure.

Question 16

Recently, ______ policies have been less attractive to authorities and politicians who want to be seen as hard on criminal offenders so they will be elected or retained in office.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is "hands-off" because these policies typically involve a more lenient or less aggressive approach to dealing with criminal offenders, which may not align with the desire of authorities and politicians to appear tough on crime to secure election or retention in office.

Question 17

______ said that a person's sense of self is constantly constructed and reconstructed through the various social interactions a person has on a daily basis.

Accepted Answer

George Herbert Mead is the sociologist who proposed that a person's sense of self is developed through social interactions, a concept central to his theory of social behaviorism.

Question 18

Willem Bonger thought crime resulted because capitalism caused a difference in the way individuals felt about society and their place in it.

Accepted Answer

Willem Bonger believed that crime was a result of the socio-economic conditions created by capitalism, which led to feelings of alienation and inequality among individuals, influencing their perceptions of society and their place within it.

Question 19

Conflict theory assumes that there is a tendency to put negative labels on lower-class individuals or minorities as offenders significantly more often that on middle- or upper-class white people.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Conflict theory assumes that there is a...

Question 20

The bourgeoisie are the ruling class in a country without a ruling aristocracy.

Accepted Answer

The bourgeoisie, historically, refers to the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization, often becoming the economically dominant class in capitalist societies where an aristocracy (a ruling class based on heredity and land ownership) is absent or has diminished in power.

Quiz 9: Social Reaction and Critical Models of Crime