Quiz 2: Preclassical and Classical Theories of Crime

______ is known as the father of criminal justice. A)John Locke B)Thomas Hobbes C)Cesare Beccaria D)Jeremy Bentham

According to Beccaria, the purpose of punishment is ______. A)pain B)retribution C)deterrence D)rehabilitation

Thomas Hobbes wrote what famous book in 1651? A)Leviathan B)On Crimes and Punishments C)The Origin of the Species D)Essay Concerning Human Understanding

______ is when a punishment is designed to stop a particular offender. A)Specific deterrence B)Marginal deterrence C)General deterrence D)Absolute deterrence

______ is the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number. A)Communism B)Fundamentalism C)Utilitarianism D)Capitalism

The ______ church still condones the use of exorcisms. A)Baptist B)Latter Day saints C)Jewish D)Roman Catholic

What country did the book use to illustrate how U.S.citizens take for granted the right to a trial by a jury of peers? A)Indonesia B)Russia C)China D)Germany

Enlightenment thinkers believed that ______ was essential in the social contract. A)socialism B)democracy C)autocracy D)anarch

What were Beccaria's beliefs concerning torture in the criminal justice system? A)It was a necessary evil. B)He advocated for the use. C)It was a good way to obtain information. D)It was worthless and barbarous.

When a person's behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain, this is referred to as ______. A)conflict theory B)positivism C)utilitarianism D)functionalism

According to Beccaria, which of the three elements of punishment address the "privation of liberty"? A)severe B)certain C)swiftness D)reciprocity

The Classical and Neoclassical Schools remained dominant for about ______ years after On Crime and Punishment was written. A)100 B)150 C)200 D)250

Mens rea means ______. A)guilty mind B)guilty act C)motive D)free will

All of the following are reasons Beccaria cited against the use of capital punishment EXCEPT ______. A)the brutalization effect B)punishment should not precede the sentence C)ineffective deterrent D)violated the social contract

Which of the following countries still allows the use of torture for eliciting information or confessions? A)United States B)Uruguay C)Afghanistan D)Mexico

Beccaria stated that punishments that are ______ or ______ will not be an effective deterrent of crime. A)inconsistent; too severe B)public; torturous C)too severe; not severe enough D)inconsistent; public

The belief that human beings have ______ is essential to classical criminology. A)irrational thoughts B)biological traits C)free will D)social connections

Revised guidelines for conducting exorcisms was issued bishops/clergy in ______ by the Roman Catholic Church. A)1985 B)1999 C)2005 D)2009

Hobbes' theoretical framework was appealing at the time it was proposed, when the dominant model of governance in most of the Western world was ______. A)the feudal system B)democracy C)socialism D)theocracy

Theories of the Classical School of Thought are different than those of the Preclassical School of Thought in that the latter theories ______. A)focused on rational thought B)believed that people had free will C)used the scientific method D)focused on religious and supernatural causes of crime

Who proposed the idea that individuals weigh and consider pleasure versus pain? A)Darwin B)Beccarria C)Bentham D)Hobbes

______ is the least likely characteristic of punishment to be enhanced in modern criminal justice policy. A)Severity B)Swiftness C)Certainty D)Reciprocity

The book uses the ______ as a good example of the social contract breaking down. A)beating of Rodney King B)trial of O.J.Simpson C)case of Bonnie and Clyde D)case of the DC Madam

Beccaria was against ______ but felt that there was room for ______ in a justice system. A)corporal punishment; capital punishment B)capital punishment; corporal punishment C)jury trials; bench trials D)jury trials; trials by ordeal

Jury trials are most closely associated with the ideas of ______. A)Thomas Hobbes B)Cesare Beccaria C)Jeremy Bentham D)John Locke

According to Beccaria, the true measure of crime is the ______. A)harm done to society B)personal harm incurred by the actor C)harm done to the individual D)level of violence that occurred

Following the execution of serial killer, homicide rates spiked in the U.S.This is referred to as ______. A)the corporal effect B)utilitarianism C)the deterrent effect D)the brutalization effect

The one belief that Enlightenment philosophers all had in common was ______. A)a paradigm shift for social structure B)that people are rational beings C)the social contract D)that no rights should be afforded to citizens

______ stated that all individuals are in a constant state of warfare with all other individuals. A)Voltaire B)Locke C)Hobbes D)Rousseau

______ refers to the notion that one will receive a particular punishment, and it is the most important element of punishment, according to Beccaria. A)Certainty B)Swiftness C)Severity D)Swiftness

Beccaria was more concerned with the ______, or the guilty act. A)mens rea B)actus reus C)e pluribus unum D)a priori

The text provides a case study of Deborah Jeane Palfrey (the DC Madam) to illustrate the effects of legal sanctions.How did this case end? A)She was sentenced to 15 years in prison and 5 years of probation. B)She was sentenced to 55 years in prison. C)She fled the country to avoid sentencing. D)She committed suicide prior to sentencing.

One of the important stages of any justice system, according to Beccaria, is ______ about decisions that are made regarding punishment. A)withholding information B)informing other government agencies C)lying to the public D)educating the public

Enlightenment thinkers talked about individuals having the right to pursue life, liberty and ______. A)freedom B)happiness C)money D)owning property

The hedonistic calculus notes that individuals seek to maximize ______ and minimize ______. A)pleasure/pain B)pain/pleasure C)happiness/boredom D)utility/versatility

Beccaraia wrote On Crimes and Punishment.

Thomas Hobbes argued that people were fundamentally irrational and were unwilling to give up personal freedoms for the common good.

The social contract is the ideal of the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number of people.

Actus reus means guilty mind.

The purpose of general deterrence is to stop an individual from committing further crimes.

Beccaria is considered to be the father of deterrence theory.

Neo-classical theories are modernized versions of earlier classical theories.

Classical theories emphasize choice as the cause of criminal behavior.

Classical theory is known for its great impact on creating rehabilitative programs for criminals.

Bentham created a prison concept that was adopted in Europe and the U.S.

John Locke is known as the father of criminal justice.

The Industrial Revolution had the greatest impact on the classical school.

Virtually all primitive theories accurately predicted who would offend.

Beccaria was strongly opposed to the use of torture.

Specific deterrence is when a punishment is designed to stop other offenders from committing crimes.

Classical criminologists felt that the justice system should be secretive and behind closed doors.

The American criminal justice system is highly influenced by the classical school.

The death penalty is used as a general deterrent for committing crime.

The social contract states that individuals follow rules in return for protection from rule violators.

In the pre-classical era, executions were public spectacles.

Identify and discuss Beccaria's three essentials of punishment.

Describe Bentham's contribution to classical theory.

What are some of the contributions of the classical school on the American criminal justice system?

Explain how pre-classical theories influenced the development of classical theories.

Explain why the neoclassical school developed, and why it soon fell out of favor.