Quiz 3: The Search for Causes

A violation of social norms defining appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances is known as A)deviance. B)anomie. C)phrenology. D)crime.

A ________ is a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe,explain,predict,and ultimately control some class of events. A)hypothesis B)conflict perspective C)trait D)theory

Theory testing usually involves the development of a(n)________ based on what the theory predicts. A)trait B)atavist C)hypothesis D)anomie

________ is an eighteenth-century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that emphasizes free will and reasonable punishments. A)The Classical School B)Biosocial Criminology C)Positivism D)The Psychological School

Which of the following scholars is considered to be a Classical School criminologist? A)Cesare Lombroso B)Travis Hirschi C)Edwin Sutherland D)Cesare Beccaria

What is atavism? A)A term used to identify a specific type of aggressive behavior B)A term used to denote the concentric zones characterized by disorder and transition C)A condition characterized by features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution D)A term used to describe the physical constitution or bodily characteristics of offenders

According to somatotyping,________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders. A)ectomorphic individuals B)mesomorphic individuals C)endomorphic individuals D)individuals with clear characteristics of all three types

Which approach to explaining crime addresses the gender ratio problem? A)Psychological perspectives B)The Classical School C)Sociological theories D)Biosocial theories

Distinct portions of a cell's DNA that carry coded instructions for making everything the body needs are known as A)chromosomes. B)genes. C)somatotypes. D)biochemical imbalances.

Which abnormal chromosomal structure is associated with the concept of a "supermale"? A)XY B)XXY C)XXX D)XYY

A psychological principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward,punishment,and association with other stimuli is A)heritability. B)behavioral conditioning. C)profiling. D)psychoanalysis.

________ refer(s)to the relatively stable characteristic patterns of thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that make a person unique,and that influence that person's behavior. A)Social norms B)Behavioral conditioning C)Personality D)Psychological profiling

________ is a theory of human behavior,based on the writings of Sigmund Freud,that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities. A)Anomie B)Social development theory C)Psychopathology D)Psychoanalysis.

What is the central defining characteristic of a psychopath? A)Hallucinations B)Neuroticism C)Impulsiveness D)Lack of empathy

Which of Eysenck's personality dimensions was most likely to be closely correlated with criminality? A)Psychoticism B)Introversion/extraversion C)Psychopathology D)Neuroticism/emotional stability

________ is a sociological approach that emphasizes demographics and geographics and explains criminality as a product of society's impact on the individual. A)The Classical School B)The Chicago School C)The Positivist School D)Postmodernism

________ refers to a condition of normlessness that is said to exist when a group is faced with social change,uneven development of culture,maladaptiveness,disharmony,conflict,and lack of consensus. A)Anomie B)Postmodernism C)Containment D)Social disorganization

Which of Merton's categories would a law-abiding citizen most likely fall into? A)Ritualist B)Conformist C)Innovator D)Retreatist

________ is the process in which a person openly rejects something he or she wants but cannot obtain or achieve. A)Reaction formation B)Relative deprivation C)Anomie D)Technique of neutralization

________ theories emphasize the role of learning in crime causation. A)Social process B)Biosocial C)Conflict D)Emergent

________ theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them. A)Social learning B)Labeling C)Social control D)Social structure

An offender neutralizes his guilt over the robbery of a convenience store by claiming that the victim routinely cheated customers and deserved to be targeted.This is an example of which technique of neutralization? A)Denial of the victim B)Denial of responsibility C)Appeal to higher loyalties D)Denial of injury

According to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency,very young subjects (as young as three years of age)are most likely to be found on the ________ pathway to delinquency. A)authority conflict B)multiple disruption C)covert D)overt

________ criminology argues that the distribution of wealth and power in society is the primary cause of criminal behavior. A)Positivist B)Radical C)Classical D)Biosocial

________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime. A)Biosocial B)Peacemaking C)Emergent D)Radical

Early feminist criminology argued that the differences in crime rates between men and women were due primarily to A)biology. B)the criminal justice system. C)socialization. D)deconstructionism.

Which conflict theory is mainly deconstructionist? A)Feminist criminology B)Postmodern criminology C)Left realism D)Convict criminology

All deviant behavior is a violation of the criminal law.

According to the Classical School of Criminology,the two key determining factors of human behavior are right and wrong.

According to routine activities theory,the presence of a capable guardian is a necessary element for a crime to occur.

Cesare Lombroso's theory of atavism implies that some people are born criminals.

Endomorphs are most likely to engage in delinquent or criminal behavior.

Increased levels of testosterone may be linked to increased aggressiveness in men.

A psychopath is someone who is out of touch with reality in some fundamental way.

Dangerousness is an ascribed quality.

According to Merton,innovators are most likely to be criminals.

Sociological theories that blame the social environment for crime argue that the way to prevent crime is through social action.

Broken windows theory is a perspective on crime causation that holds that the physical deterioration of an area leads to higher crime rates and an increased concern for personal safety among residents.

According to labeling theory,criminality is a quality that is inherent in an action or in a person.

Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance.

Adolescent-limited offenders continue to reoffend through life.

The conflict perspective suggests that the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on the exercise of political power.

Radical criminology argues that the creation of a capitalist society is the only solution to the problem of crime.

Peacemaking criminology emphasizes involving victims as well as offenders in criminal justice.

Modern feminist criminology focuses on the link between victimization and criminality in women offenders.

Postmodern criminology is the newest perspective in criminology and was developed in the 21st century.

Feminist criminology is considered to be a deconstructionist theory.

A(n)________ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality.

A(n)________ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation.

According to Jeremy Bentham's concept of ________,individuals will avoid committing crime if the punishment for the crime outweighs the benefits of committing it.

Lombroso's theory of ________ suggests that criminals are throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution.

The ________ School of criminology stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals.

Biosocial researchers argue that genes ________ human behavior rather than determining it.

According to the theory of psychoanalysis,a psychopath lacks a fully developed ________.

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ probably exhibits disordered or disjoined thinking and makes logical associations that are not typical of those made by other people.

The attempt to categorize,understand,and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide is known as ________.

Shaw and McKay's concentric zone research found that crime was highest in Zone 2,which they termed the zone of ________.

According to Wolfgang and Ferracuti,crimes such as murder are more likely to be partially excused when they occur within a subculture of ________.

________ theory suggests that crime is learned according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior.

Inner ________ such as a positive self-image and a tolerance for frustration help prevent individuals from committing crimes and engaging in deviant behavior.

According to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency,bullying as a first step to delinquency occurs on the ________ pathway.

The main focus of radical criminology was the evils of a(n)________ economic structure.

Postmodern criminology is ________ because it challenges and debunks existing perspectives.

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Neutralization

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Focal concerns

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Peacemaking

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Gender role problem

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Feminist

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Routine activities theory

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Psychoanalysis

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Atavism

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Social ecology theory

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Anomie theory

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Subcultural theory

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Differential association

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Containment theory

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Social control theory

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Neutralization

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Labeling theory

Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality. A)Political crime B)Drug use and vagrancy C)Law-abiding behavior D)Property and white-collar crime E)Repetitive and mundane lifestyle -Conformist

Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality. A)Political crime B)Drug use and vagrancy C)Law-abiding behavior D)Property and white-collar crime E)Repetitive and mundane lifestyle -Innovator

Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality. A)Political crime B)Drug use and vagrancy C)Law-abiding behavior D)Property and white-collar crime E)Repetitive and mundane lifestyle -Retreatist

Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality. A)Political crime B)Drug use and vagrancy C)Law-abiding behavior D)Property and white-collar crime E)Repetitive and mundane lifestyle -Ritualist

Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality. A)Political crime B)Drug use and vagrancy C)Law-abiding behavior D)Property and white-collar crime E)Repetitive and mundane lifestyle -Rebel

What is a theory? Describe the steps in criminological theory building,and explain the role that social research plays in the development of theories about crime.

List and explain the key principles of classical criminology.Explain the neoclassical perspective and how it differs from classical criminology.

Describe the biosocial perspective and explain what this perspective considers most important to understanding behavior.Include a discussion of the gender ratio problem and explain why this is not a problem for biosocial theories of crime.

Explain the three separate life pathways that lead to criminality that have been identified by the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency.

Explain the four key elements of the conflict perspective.Describe how radical criminology differs from more conservative conflict theories.Discuss the policy directions that modern radical criminologists envision and explain how they differ from the policies earlier radical criminologists advocated.

What is meant by "emergent perspectives"? Explain in detail two emergent perspectives on crime causation.

Compare and contrast psychological and sociological theories of criminal behavior.Which approach do you consider to be a more valid explanation of the causes of crime? Support your opinion.

Consider the city in which your university is located.Which areas in the city tend to have higher levels of crime and which have lower levels? How might these variations be explained by the sociological theories discussed in this chapter?