If wheel running is a higher-frequency operant, then wheel running will ______ drinking; if wheel running is a lower-frequency operant, then wheel running will _____ drinking.
Consider the following example: "Paige got a ticket for littering. As a result she has to pick up trash along the highway for at least 20 hours." This is an example of _______.
The time between shocks or the ______ interval and the time away from shocks produced by responses or the _____ interval are two aspects of escape and avoidance.
If an organism emits an alternate behavior, that behavior can be seen as a(n) ____ if it occurs during punishment, and a(n) ____ if it prevents punishment.
Azrin, Holz, and Hake (1963) found that when pigeons were shocked with a punisher that increased intensity gradually ______, and when they were shocked with a punisher of moderate intensity ______.