Quiz 16: Middle Adulthood: Social and Emotional Development

Most career changes in midlife involve shifts into related fields.

Most theories of adulthood consider middle adulthood as an unimportant part of life.

Research on adults has shown the trait of being open to new experience decreases into late adulthood.

Studies conducted in Poland, Greece, and China found that grandparenting was a very positive experience socially and psychologically.

Corporate downsizing causes midlife crises for those in middle adulthood who are laid off.

The term "sandwich generation" refers to older adults who are squeezed into homes with their children and grandchildren.

Women who have a college or university education typically experience increased personal distress as they advance from middle adulthood to late adulthood.

During middle adulthood, one's work can provide social benefits, a sense of identity, and self-esteem.

Life events are generally negative.

In a study of 2,000 college employees, blue-collar employees reported greater levels of job satisfaction compared to others in the study.

The midlife crisis is defined as a time of dramatic self-doubt and anxiety during which people sense the passing of their youth and become preoccupied their own mortality.

Many studies show that grandparents have less influence on their grandchildren when they share a household with their married children and grandchildren.

An accumulation of stressful life events may accelerate age-related declines in memory functioning.

The majority of people in middle adulthood have at least one living brother or sister.

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, generativity is the ability to generate or produce.

Grandparents in Eastern Europe have a strong influence in the lives of their grandchildren when they live with them and their single parents.

Divorce rates in Canada have declined in past years, especially during middle adulthood.

Most middle-aged adults in developed nations have at least one living parent.

Grandparenting is a source of stress for most middle-aged adults in the North America today.

People in middle adulthood are more likely to be settled geographically and occupationally than those in early adulthood.

Neuroticism declines between early and middle adulthood, meaning that people become more emotionally stable.

The term grandboomers has been coined to describe grandparenting in the 21st century.

Having children is necessary for successful generativity, according to Erikson.

According to the textbook, a survey found that most Canadian workers are somewhat or completely satisfied with their jobs.

During middle adulthood, most men have more friends than women do.

Havighurst's developmental tasks are relevant for gay and lesbian adults.

During middle adulthood, people change careers for many reasons, such as more money, more job security, greater prestige, and more stimulation

Women are rarely expected to care for their aging parents more than men are.

Job satisfaction decreases throughout middle adulthood, but general life contentment increases.

Extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness to experience are the five personality characteristics identified by Costa and McCrae in their big five model of personality.

Approximately 60% of workers in Canada have a postsecondary education.

The conflict during middle adulthood, according to Erikson's psychosocial theory, is generativity vs. isolation.

In a study of lesbian and bisexual grandmothers, they believed that they were important sources of emotional support and help for their children and important sources of emotional support for their grandchildren.

People who score high on the neuroticism scale of the big five test of personality tend to be talkative and personable.

Most women suffer from the "empty nest syndrome" when their last child leaves home.

According to a study involving extensive interviews with lesbian and bisexual grandmothers, these grandmothers never told their grandchildren about their sexual orientation.

Extroverts tend to be shy, passive, and reserved.

"Midlife crisis" is the equivalent to the midlife transition, according to Levinson.

In a study of 2,000 college employees, women reported having no gender barriers and fewer problems with work-life balance compared with men.

Cross-cultural research has shown that the big five factors model of personality is relevant only to North Americans.

In a study examining unemployment, older women were found to be more likely to be distressed about their job losses than younger women.

Friendships during middle adulthood tend to be of high quality and are felt more deeply than during early adulthood.

Erikson argued that people who engage in generative behaviour risk stagnating and falling into routines that can strip their lives of meaning and purpose.

After adult children are "launched" from the family home, their middle-aged parents typically provide them with little or no financial support.

For college- or university-educated women, personal distress decreased with age according a cross-sectional study of women in their 20s, 40s, and 60s.

Sibling relationships that were good when people were young are rarely as good when the siblings are older.

The growing job satisfaction throughout middle age can be linked to factors such as increased expertise and income.

Research suggests that among siblings in middle adulthood, sisters tend to establish more intimate relationships than brothers.

Most people experience a midlife crisis during middle adulthood.

Middle-aged adults tend to have more friends than young adults.

Death of a parent and divorce are two life events that often face middle-aged adults.

An "empty nest" is no longer viewed by many women as negative life event; it can just as often be viewed as a positive life stage.

According to Richard A. Friedman, the term midlife crisis refers to being bored with one's routine.

Helping children establish themselves in the outside world and developing a range of enjoyable leisure activities are two developmental tasks identified by Havighurst for middle adulthood.

Unlike adolescents who have large numbers of friends, those in middle adulthood find the number of their friends dwindles, and many middle-aged adults don't want to spend their time with "just anybody."

Grandparents who live with their married children and grandchildren fill a hole in family life.

Which statement best reflects the experiences of middle-aged women in the workplace? A) Their job satisfaction is at its lowest point. B) They find work to be more manageable, along with life demands, than at earlier ages. C) They may still find it difficult to advance to senior positions because of the "glass ceiling". D) They are more satisfied with their jobs than white collar men.

Approximately what percentage of Canadians aged 45-64 are still working to pay off their mortgage? A) 25 B) 35 C) 45 D) 55

Which statement best characterizes Levinson's view of the midlife crisis? A) It is a problem everyone experiences during middle adulthood. B) It can be triggered by menopause or the death of a friend or parent. C) It is a problem only for men. D) It is a developmental milestone essential for further growth.

Which of the following is a characteristic of most adults during midlife? A) They experience a decline in earnings B) They are settled geographically and vocationally. C) They have weakening social connections. D) They fear the empty nest.

Which of the following was cited as a challenge that may develop after one's children have partners? A) new relationships with in-laws B) finding time to spend together as a family C) deciding who will host holidays D) adapting to new cultural expectations

Cynthia scores low on the neuroticism scale of the big five model of personality. Which of the following phrases best describes Cynthia? A) distrustful and hostile B) sociable and outgoing C) inquisitive and imaginative D) able to cope with negative events

John has graduated from university but is NOT making enough money to support himself on his own. His parents are helping him out by having him live with them rent free. How common is this situation among baby boomers and their boomerang kids? A) One in 5 baby boomers is prepared to risk financial security to support their adult children. B) Half of all baby boomers support their adult children. C) It is extremely rare for adult children to live with their parents. D) One in 10 baby boomers support their adult children.

Sandra got divorced, lost her job, and moved to an apartment in a run-down area. She believes these setbacks are temporary. Which of the following will most likely happen to Sandra? A) She will remarry, start a new job, and move to a better area. B) She will become severely ill. C) She will become severely depressed and feel unable to cope. D) She will manage her stress better than someone who believes this situation will not change.

Kelly is pleasant, kind, and trustworthy. In the big five personality model, what does Kelly score high in? A) neuroticism B) extroversion C) agreeableness D) conscientiousness

Which statement best characterizes the relationships between middle-aged children and their parents? A) They often have relationships filled with tension and disagreement. B) They are often closer than they were in earlier years. C) They usually live together. D) They rarely have contact with each other outside of holidays.

What is the next experience for most parents after a child is "launched" from the home of origin? A) Parents need to find a substitute to avoid stagnation. B) Parents need to find a balance between staying in touch and interfering. C) Parents rarely see or talk with their child. D) Parents try to retain control as long as possible.

Which statement best characterizes grandparenting? A) It produces anxiety for older adults. B) It involves a careful balance between being helpful and interfering. C) It requires more child-care responsibilities than for parents. D) It is more meaningful than parenting.

Which statement best characterizes the "sandwich generation"? A) It usually affects the sons more than the daughters. B) It is so named because the trend began in Sandwich, Massachusetts. C) It refers to middle-aged children who care for both their children and their aging parents. D) It refers to those struggling to identify their new roles as parents and grandparents.

Which of the following has been shown by longitudinal and cross-sectional research on personality development? A) Extroverted adults tend to become introverted as they get older. B) Agreeableness and conscientiousness tend to increase during adulthood. C) People become more neurotic as they get older. D) People with extroverted personalities become more solidified if they marry other extroverts.

According to Friedman (2008), why might someone experience a midlife crisis? A) turning 50 B) marital unhappiness C) income frustration D) the fear of mortality

Which statement best characterizes lesbians and bisexual women as grandparents? A) They rarely have grandchildren. B) They are not allowed by law to become grandparents. C) They are the same type of grandparents in every way as heterosexual grandparents. D) Their younger grandchildren will be more accepting of their relationship than older children.

Which statement best characterizes the positive elements of being grandparents who are the sole caregivers of a grandchild? A) It is easy to do. B) It is more work than it's worth. C) It is avoided at all costs by most people. D) It is often a more relaxed relationship than parenting.

Stanley and his wife never had children. Now that Stanley is 50, he feels something is missing from his life. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, what has happened to Stanley? A) He is stagnant. B) He is regressing to an earlier stage. C) He is unable to overcome his loss. D) He is becoming generative.

According to the textbook, which question represents one of the major financial decisions facing middle-aged adults? A) Should they help their aging parents, who may require expensive long-term care, or should they focus on their own financial stability and security, knowing they will in time receive an inheritance? B) Should they help their adult children, or should they focus on their own financial stability and security? C) Should they sell what has been considered the family home and downsize to provide the extra cash that would support their aging parents? D) Should they sell what has been considered the family home and downsize to provide the extra cash needed to support their children's postsecondary education?

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, what is a quality demonstrated by someone who is experiencing stagnation? A) resilience B) high self-esteem C) ambivalence D) responsibility

Which statement best describes the relationship that parents in middle-adulthood often have with their children? A) Many parents at this stage are encouraging their children to "launch". B) Parents are often happier to have their children at home than they were in earlier years. C) Most parents at this stage are happily "empty-nesting". D) Parents at this stage often consider having more children to increase their family size.

Karen has many life stressors: her job loss, her mother's illness, and her daughter's difficulties in school. Which of the following will determine how Karen will be affected by these stressors? A) whether or not she takes yearly vacations B) the number of children she has C) whether she feels she has control over her life D) her marital status

Ann is neat, organized, and thorough with her homework. She would score high on which aspect of the big five personality model? A) neuroticism B) extroversion C) agreeableness D) conscientiousness

Paul is nervous and often moody. He would score high in which of Costa and McCrae's (2006) personality factors? A) neuroticism B) extroversion C) agreeableness D) openness to experience

How does stress affect people during middle adulthood? A) People experience stress in a series of predictable stages. B) Those who believe they have control are less likely to be depressed. C) Those who believe a stressor is global are less likely to be depressed. D) Those who believe that stressful life events are long-lasting are less likely to be depressed.

Which of the following is expected of grandparents from northern Asia, differing from expectations in many other countries? A) paying for their grandchildren's postsecondary education B) knowing more about their grandchildren than the children's own parents do C) living with their children and grandchildren D) having their grandchildren sleep over often

Donna believes that life is difficult, often gloomy, and negative. She would score high on which factor of the big five model of personality? A) neuroticism B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience

Stella is careless with how she prepares her reports for work and is often late for meetings. She would score low on which factor of the big five model of personality? A) neuroticism B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience

Mary, who is unable to have children, began volunteering at a homeless shelter when she was in her 40s. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following best characterizes Mary? A) She is becoming stagnant. B) She is unable to reach her potential. C) She is successfully becoming generative. D) She is unable to complete her developmental tasks for middle adulthood.

According to Levinson and colleagues (1978), which statement best characterizes the midlife crisis? A) It is a time when psychotherapy is necessary. B) It is a time when most people experience significant depression. C) It is a time of stock-taking of one's life. D) It depends on which generation you were born in.

According to the textbook, which statement best characterizes most people's experience during midlife? A) Most experience little physical decline. B) Most have significant psychological upset. C) Most find their intellectual development stalls. D) Most find setting future goals difficult and overwhelming.

Which statement best characterizes grandparents? A) They rarely live far from their grandchildren. B) They often have a more relaxed relationship with their grandchildren than parents can. C) They see their grandchildren frequently and are more involved in their daily lives than parents. D) They rarely have primary care responsibilities for their grandchildren.

John scores low on the extroversion portion of the big five test of personality. Which word most likely describes John? A) shy B) selfish C) meticulous D) outgoing

Which of the following is a potential impact of the belief that a stressor is a global problem rather than a specific concern? A) serious mental illness B) depression C) an improved ability to deal with one's problems D) a clearer understanding of the issue

Which statement best characterizes most people's experience of the midlife transition? A) They will have a midlife crisis. B) They are likely to get divorced or buy a sports car. C) They may experience positive and negative emotions. D) They may experience negative emotions and numerous regrets

Which statement best characterizes having grandchildren? A) It is a substitute activity that avoids generativity. B) It is more stressful than having children. C) It has social and psychological benefits. D) It creates additional burden and worries.

Jane thinks it is inappropriate that her 75-year-old mother looks ridiculous driving around in her convertible car because this is a "young person's car". What is guiding Jane's assessment of her mother's behaviour? A) mid-life crisis B) patriarchy C) the norm of "coolness" D) the social clock

Kathy is walking down the street. According Daniel Levinson's sociological process, as she encounters various individuals, she will categorize everyone by three dimensions. Which dimensions will she categorize people by? A) age, height, and weight B) race, religion, and perceived friendliness C) age, race, and gender D) gender, socio-economic status, and attractiveness

According to Levinson, what is most likely to be exhibited by people experiencing a midlife crisis? A) a sense of satisfaction and peace when thinking about life B) more age appropriate behaviours C) the desire to become closer to a spouse D) self-doubt and anxiety when thinking about their own mortality

What percentage of Canadians are family caregivers? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 50

Which statement best characterizes the effect of stressful life events? A) They may alter cognitive abilities. B) They have little effect on physical health. C) They have little effect on psychological health. D) They are important to keep people mentally alert.

According to Levinson's "seasons of life" theory, which of the following best distinguishes middle adulthood from other stages of life? A) the midlife crisis B) great happiness and feelings of accomplishment C) disappointment because children are moving out D) unfulfilled dreams and goals

Which statement best characterizes sibling relationships during middle adulthood? A) Few siblings are close. B) Brothers tend to be more intimate than sisters. C) The relationships are less satisfying than they were during childhood. D) The relationship patterns tend to be similar to what they were during childhood.

What has been shown by cross-cultural research on grandparenting? A) Grandchildren spend more time with grandfathers than grandmothers. B) Children state they value their grandfathers less than their grandmothers. C) The sex of the grandchild typically influences which grandparent children gravitate to. D) Grandchildren tend to be more involved with their mother's parents than their father's parents.

Laurie is silent, passive, and reserved. In the big five personality model, what factor would Laurie score low on? A) extroversion B) conscientious C) agreeableness D) openness to experience

Which statement best reflects the realities of the midlife crisis? A) It does not exist. B) It is less common than people think it is. C) It is a time of transition that should be experienced and embraced by all. D) It is now experienced much later in life than it was 50 years ago.

Martha and Jack appear to represent typical personality development from young adulthood to middle adulthood. Which of the following best describes Martha and Jack? A) For both, their traits of neuroticism will increase. B) Martha's trait of neuroticism will decline, but Jack's will increase. C) For both, their traits of conscientiousness will increase D) Martha's trait of conscientiousness will increase, but Jack's will decline.

According to Daniel Levinson and his colleagues, which statement best characterizes the midlife transition? A) It occurs around age 30 to 35. B) It is the same as the midlife crisis. C) It does not exist; no time of midlife is distinct from other parts of adulthood. D) It is a shift when people start to think of how much time they have left to live.

Because of her life situation, Janet states that she can point to a perfect example of "the boomerang" generation. Which of the following is Janet referring to? A) her 23-year-old daughter, who just graduated from university and has moved home B) her past six years of employment, which led her to move from job to job because of the changing economy C) her 79-year-old mother, who has just moved from home to hospital to a long-term care facility D) her history of having been married in her 20s, divorced in her 30s, remarried in her late 40s, and now juggling the needs of her blended family

Which of the following best characterizes middle-aged workers? A) They are less fulfilled than they were as young adults. B) They are less realistic about their careers than they were when they were younger. C) They are less content because they realize they have not attained their lifelong dreams. D) They have more expertise and higher salaries, which may lead to higher job satisfaction.

What is the definition of a child marriage? A) A marriage under the age of 15 years. B) A naïve young person who believes he or she is married. C) A marriage under the age of 18 years. D) A marriage between individuals with a child.

Which statement best characterizes grandchildren whose sole caregivers are their grandparents? A) They live far from their grandparents' homes. B) Their relationship is usually formally determined by a court. C) They are usually cared for by their grandfathers. D) Their situation may have resulted after the death of one or both parents.

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, what is generativity? A) the ability to create power B) the ability to produce something C) what is needed during early adulthood D) a negative outcome of middle adulthood

Which statement best characterizes friendships during middle adulthood? A) They are closer for men than for women. B) They are important for one's well-being in many cases. C) They are more casual than they were during early adulthood. D) They are usually more common than during early adulthood.

What is the goal of the Second Careers program? A) to provide retraining to older workers B) to help older adults acquire an additional job C) to fund the education for the children of older workers D) to link older workers to younger workers in a mentorship program

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following results in stagnation? A) failure to produce a legacy such as through having children or grandchildren B) people's salary upgrades no longer increasing as they get older C) adult children moving out of their parents' house D) the decline of cognitive processes that leads to declines in productivity

Which of the following best characterizes many adults' view of their middle years? A) painful and depressing B) overwhelmed by the changing world and global problems C) no different from early adulthood D) filled with opportunities for new direction and fulfillment

Why do people change careers during middle adulthood? A) for strictly economic reasons B) for better insurance, but not for more money C) for more prestige, more money, more security D) for reduction of both responsibility and stimulation

Which of the following best characterizes the effects of unemployment? A) It affects all individuals in the same way. B) It is harder on younger adults than middle-aged adults. C) It harms the well-being of many individuals. D) It affects those with more social support to a greater degree because they are more embarrassed to have lost their jobs.

According to Erikson (1980), what is psychosocial generativity based on? A) the need for appreciation from peers B) an instinctual drive toward procreativity, bearing and rearing children C) a learned behaviour, causing people to behave in socially acceptable ways D) cognitive processes whereby people can think hypothetically about their futures

Which statement best describes the experience of most middle-aged women? A) They see the "empty nest syndrome" as a time of great depression. B) They are active in the workforce and find life satisfaction outside of the home. C) They see their last child moving out of the home as the end of their lives. D) They often look back and realize all they missed out on while raising their children.

According to the medicine wheel, what is the significance of midlife? A) a time to find stability B) a time to repent C) a time of reflection D) a time to leave the nest

Which of the following is most likely to occur when adolescents are "launched" from their home? A) Parents are usually depressed for a while afterwards. B) Most parents interfere with their children's social lives. C) The children are usually completely financial independent of their parents. D) Parents may still influence their children's choices or at least contribute their views.

According to Havighurst, keeping our work performance at a satisfactory level is considered a developmental task during which stage? A) adolescence B) early adulthood C) middle adulthood D) late adulthood

Carlo is imaginative and creative in his use of paints in art class. In the big five personality model, what does Carlo score high in? A) neuroticism B) extroversion C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience

When does the onset of midlife occur? A) It occurs at age 35. B) It occurs at age 40 C) It occurs at age 45. D) It depends on when you were born.

Which of the following has been shown by research on job satisfaction during middle adulthood? A) Few people are satisfied with their jobs. B) Most workers are satisfied with their jobs. C) Earnings levels have little to do with job satisfaction. D) Most people are happy with how much they are paid.

Joan's daughter recently graduated from college. With Joan's help, she is now moving into her own apartment. What term refers to Joan's activity? A) launching B) empty nest syndrome C) depressing D) generativist

What was the research finding of an Israeli study of immigrants from Ethiopia and Eastern European countries regarding grandparents and their grandchildren? A) Few children lived with their grandparents. B) Grandparents had little control over their grandchildren. C) Grandparents had a strong influence over grandchildren who were living in single-parent homes. D) Whether children lived a single-parent or two-parent family household had no effect on the role of the grandparents.

What is the focus of the life-events approach to middle adulthood? A) intellectual crises B) stages of development C) physical declines that lead to depression D) challenges and changes that people face during this time

Richard is friendly, gregarious, and talkative. In the big five personality model, what does Richard score high in? A) neuroticism B) extroversion C) agreeableness D) conscientiousness

More than 2,000 university employees were studied regarding their job satisfaction. Which statement best reflects the study's findings? A) Job satisfaction declined during middle adulthood. B) Women were happier with their work than men. C) Job satisfaction increased steadily during middle adulthood. D) Working women reported the least amount of job satisfaction.

Which statement best describes a woman's perspective on the last child leaving home? A) Apart from the death of a loved one, it is the most stressful life event for mothers. B) It is viewed positively only for working mothers. C) Modern mothers often view this life stage as a positive event. D) It is seldom viewed positively but is easier for stay-at-home mothers.

Which statement best characterizes the research on friends during middle adulthood? A) Men typically have more friends than women. B) Social isolation is related to poorer health. C) Men with few or no friends rarely experience depression. D) Men who have been socially engaged in civic life experience less depression.

Which statement best describes the typical scenario when grandparents become the sole caregivers of their grandchildren? A) The grandparents become more fulfilled with the new responsibility. B) The parents are usually available but are refusing to care for the children. C) The grandchildren refuse to live with the grandparents and end up in foster care. D) The grandmother is usually the one who takes on the primary responsibility.

Which of the following is common to the theories of development during middle adulthood? A) They distinguish middle adulthood as a distinct event. B) They agree that a midlife crisis exists. C) They agree that middle adulthood begins at age 35. D) They question whether middle adulthood is a distinct stage or simply a phase of life.

Which of the following best characterizes Becker's (2006) view of psychotherapy? A) Psychotherapy is a sign of weakness. B) Psychotherapy is ineffective for people over age 25. C) Psychotherapy can be an overzealous decision for people during midlife. D) Psychotherapy may be useful for those going through a midlife transition.

Which of the following best represents the view of middle adulthood by observers of human development? A) Physical prowess is at its peak for most people. B) Middle adulthood is seen as a time of steep decline. C) Middle adulthood is not considered an important stage of life. D) The views vary in terms of whether middle adulthood is a time of crisis or renewal.

According to research, how do older unemployed women differ in their experience compared with younger unemployed women? A) They are more likely to experience financial strains. B) They are more likely to experience discrimination. C) They are more likely to experience a decline in their well-being. D) They are more likely to take a job they do not like as long as the pay is sensible.

Which statement best characterizes Levinson and his colleagues' (1978) view of the transition to midlife? A) It is a time to take stock of one's life. B) It is a time to focus on one's grandchildren. C) It is a time when many find they fall short of others' expectations of them. D) It is a time when one's outstanding goals are pursued.

According to Erikson's concept of generativity, which of the following best characterizes Mary, who is unable to have children? A) Her life will remain unfulfilled. B) She will need to adopt a child to remain satisfied with life. C) She needs to find a substitute activity. D) She will find life fulfillment through work and her marriage.

Which of the following has been shown by longitudinal studies of personality? A) Most people change their personalities radically during middle adulthood. B) People with introverted personalities become more solidified when they marry extroverts. C) Personalities show consistency in general, but some general developmental trends are evident across adulthood. D) Personality traits show little consistency from early to late adulthood.

Which of the following is a finding of research on personality development? A) Childhood has specific stages of development. B) Getting married leads to dramatic changes in personality. C) Personality is learned within the first three years of life. D) Personality characteristics show a fair amount of stability over a lifetime.

Which trend was shown by longitudinal research on group personality change? A) Agreeableness declines from young adulthood to middle adulthood. B) Those who are most extroverted in young adulthood will become more introverted in middle adulthood. C) Conscientiousness declines from young adulthood to middle adulthood. D) Neuroticism declines from young adulthood to middle adulthood.

What is one of the five basic personality factors identified by Costa and McCrae (2006)? A) happiness B) neuroticism C) aggression D) curiosity

Approximately how many middle-aged Canadians have at least one parent living? A) one-quarter B) one-half C) two-thirds D) three-quarters

Maude turned 40 this past year and now she has quit her job and taken up with a much younger man after leaving her husband of 15 years. According to Levinson, what is Maude experiencing? A) stagnation B) generativity C) a midlife crisis D) a transition in life that all adults experience

Which of the following is considered a life event? A) going on vacation B) the death of a casual acquaintance C) separation and divorce D) beginning a new exercise regime following a serious illness

Rachel, who is 25, was laid off from her job. What is more likely to be the effect of this layoff, compared with if she were older? A) She is more likely to have her sense of well-being disrupted. B) She is more likely to have financial strain. C) She is more likely to accept a job that interferes with her home life. D) She is more likely to become clinically depressed.

Which of the following represents middle adulthood on the First Nations medicine wheel? A) the northern direction B) the western direction C) the southern direction D) the southern direction

Which of the following is the ideal final stage of a transition cycle that results from a stress event? A) shock and adjustment B) contradiction and crisis C) quitting and letting go D) reconstruction and recovery

Which statement best characterizes the "empty nest syndrome"? A) It no longer exists. B) It is a positive life event. C) It affects most middle-aged adults. D) It affects some parents more than others.

Mario was fired from his job of 20 years, experienced the death of his mother, and rarely sees his children since his divorce. He believes that he has bad luck and that everything he does seems to end badly. Which of the following will most likely happen to Mario? A) He will become depressed. B) He will bounce back soon. C) He will learn new skills more easily than in the past. D) He will moderate his experience of stressful life events.

Which of the following is the most likely effect of an accumulation of stressful life events? A) acceleration of age-related declines in memory functioning B) little effect on most people physically, but not psychologically C) little effect on most people psychologically, but not physically D) the same impact if the individual events had occurred at different times

Which statement best characterizes Havighurst's (1972) model of developmental tasks during middle adulthood? A) It is based on the media's interpretation. B) It encompasses the lives of diverse individuals. C) It remains relevant to modern life even though it is 50 years old. D) It is outdated given all the changes to how we live today.

Which of the following acts as a moderator of stressful life events? A) one's perception of the situation B) the number of family members one has C) the number of stressors one experiences D) one's stability in the workforce

When Elliott Jaques coined the term "midlife crisis" he based this term on which of the following? A) His studies of clinical patients who were dealing with depression and angst about getting older. B) His role as an addiction researcher, when supporting his patients through their alcoholism treatment based on their fears of aging and regret. C) His patients in his physiotherapy practice who were seeking out advice on how to increase their physical endurance in order to delay aging. D) His patients in his cosmetic surgery practice who were seeking out treatment to increase their physical beauty to ward off aging.

According to the textbook, which of the following statements best describes changing one's job? A) It is more likely in middle adulthood than early adulthood. B) In middle adulthood, it typically involves changing into related areas. C) It is rarely voluntary during middle adulthood. D) It is normally done to seek out emotional fulfillment.

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, what stage of development occurs during middle adulthood? A) intimacy vs. isolation B) launching vs. empty nest C) generativity vs. stagnation D) identity vs. identity confusion

Kelly and Steve appear to represent typical personality development from young adulthood to late adulthood. Which of the following best describes Kelly and Steve? A) For both, the traits of being open to new experience will increase more in late adulthood. B) Steve's trait of being open to new experience increases more in late adulthood, but Kelly's will decline. C) For both, their traits of agreeableness will increase. D) Kelly's traits of agreeableness will increase, but Steve's will decline.

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, which of the following best characterizes people who do not want to have children? A) stagnant B) unable to become generative C) in need of substitutes to fill their drive for generativity D) better off psychologically than those who have more than two children

According to longitudinal research on group personality change, what personality trait will usually increase from young adulthood to middle adulthood? A) neuroticism B) openness to experiences C) conscientiousness D) extroversion

How does unemployment affect middle-aged adults?

What are the five factors in the big five personality model? How do they change with development?

How do the midlife transition and midlife crisis differ, according to Levinson's seasons of life theory?

What is the "sandwich generation," and why does it represent a stressful situation?

What factors are associated with job satisfaction?

How does the life-events approach explain middle adulthood?

What is the effect of grand parenting?

Does the "empty nest syndrome" occur to everyone following the launching of a last child out of the family home?

What are some developmental tasks of middle adulthood, according to Havighurst?

What is the conflict of middle adulthood, according to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development? How is it resolved by adults?