Quiz 8: Motivation and Emotion

A person who does something because he enjoys what it brings or delivers as an outcome is an example of: A) homeostasis. B) intrinsic motivation. C) self-determination. D) extrinsic motivation.

Emiliano is driving to work when the car immediately in front of him comes to a sudden stop, causing Emiliano to slam on his brakes and swerve in order to avoid a major collision. According to the James-Lange theory, Emiliano would: A) first notice his heart racing, palms sweating, and muscles tensing up, which would then trigger his feeling of fear. B) experience fear simply because he interprets the situation as potentially causing great harm and damage to all persons involved. C) simultaneously experience the changes in heart rate, perspiration, and muscular tension in his body, as well as the conscious experience of fear in his mind. D) experience a feeling of fear only after labeling his physical reactions of increased heart rate, perspiration, and muscular tension as being due to fear.

An example of extrinsic motivation is: A) Anastasia, who pet-sits because she is an animal lover. B) Julius, who volunteers in a community garden because he likes plants. C) Mbeke, who serves as a tour guide because it pays really well. D) Kayla, who goes hiking because she enjoys the outdoors.

Which statement about motivation and emotion is FALSE? A) Both motivation and emotion are critical to survival. B) The purpose of emotion is to motivate you into action. C) Emotion and motivation are separate and unrelated concepts. D) Both words come from the same root, which means to move.

An example of the drive reduction theory is someone eating: A) for pleasure. B) to try new foods. C) as a way to connect socially. D) to reduce hunger.

Performing a behavior with complete immersion and enjoyment is known as: A) regulatory fit. B) flow. C) extrinsic motivation. D) a settling point.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, security and stability in daily life represent _____ needs. A) belongingness and love B) esteem C) safety D) self-actualization

A body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered: A) underweight. B) normal/healthy weight. C) overweight. D) obesity.

Which statement is NOT supported by research findings on stress and eating? A) Among people experiencing stress, an increase in eating is more common than a decrease. B) When experiencing moderate stress levels, both men and women tend to eat less. C) If stress levels are high, women tend to eat more while men tend to eat less. D) Dieters are more likely to overeat when stressed than nondieters.

The Schachter-Singer theory states that you experience emotion: A) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings. B) by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings. C) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it. D) as a result of your thoughts about a specific stimulus or event.

Which statement about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is FALSE? A) Behavior on an intrinsically motivated task is likely to increase with extrinsic motivation. B) Intrinsic motivation is linked to higher self-esteem and well-being. C) Extrinsic motivation often undermines intrinsic motivation. D) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation produce different patterns of behavior.

The Yerkes-Dodson law is the finding that: A) people are mostly motivated by instinct and unmet biological drives. B) humans have the desire to perform behaviors to obtain external rewards. C) your best performance occurs when you are moderately aroused. D) the strongest and healthiest motivations are those that come from within yourself.

A body mass index (BMI) below 18.5 is considered: A) underweight. B) normal/healthy weight. C) overweight. D) obesity.

The _____ theory of emotion states that you experience emotion depending on the label you assign to your bodily reaction to a situation. A) cognitive appraisal B) Schachter-Singer C) Cannon-Bard D) James-Lange

The _____ theory of emotion states that your brain can influence your emotions by monitoring expressions such as smiles, frowns, squints, raised eyebrows, and more. A) Schachter-Singer B) cognitive appraisal C) facial feedback D) Cannon-Bard

The James-Lange theory states that you experience emotion: A) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings. B) by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings. C) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it. D) as a result of your thoughts about a specific stimulus or event.

Which statement about the consequences of being overweight or obese is FALSE? A) Obesity-related illnesses account for more than 10% of medical spending in the United States. B) Disapproving attitudes toward overweight and obese people are not particularly harmful. C) People who are overweight or obese suffer from high rates of mental health problems. D) Research suggests there is a link between obesity and dementia later in life.

When experiencing emotion, the _____ theory states that bodily reactions come first, whereas the _____ theory states that the physical and mental parts happen at the same time. A) facial feedback; cognitive appraisal B) Schachter-Singer; James-Lange C) James-Lange; Cannon-Bard D) Cannon-Bard; Schachter-Singer

A body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher is considered: A) underweight. B) normal/healthy weight. C) overweight. D) obesity.

Statistically, based on research findings, who is MOST likely to experience the greatest risk of death from heart disease? A) Randy, who often expresses hostility and tension in his social media posts B) Ethan, whose weight has greatly fluctuated over the years C) Alfie, who tends to use positive and optimistic words when posting on social media D) Gio, who regularly writes letters of gratitude to friends and family

Drive reduction theory suggests that you are motivated mostly by a need to: A) obtain an optimal level of arousal. B) fulfill basic instincts. C) maintain homeostasis. D) achieve regulatory fit.

Brit goes to her doctor's office for an annual physical exam. The nurses begin by calculating Brit's body mass index (BMI). In order to do so, they will need to measure Brit's: A) heart rate and height. B) weight and heart rate. C) height and weight. D) blood pressure and height.

Research indicates that among the five emotion regulation strategies, _____ does not work well and may actually worsen a situation, whereas _____ tends to be the most effective overall. A) response modulation; cognitive change B) situation modification; situation selection C) cognitive change; attentional deployment D) attentional deployment; response modulation

The _____ theory of emotion states that you experience emotion by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings. A) cognitive appraisal B) Schachter-Singer C) Cannon-Bard D) James-Lange

According to the facial feedback theory, facial expressions _____ emotions. A) result from B) cause C) occur simultaneously with D) respond to

The key difference between the cognitive appraisal theory and other theories of emotion is that it: A) focuses on facial expressions. B) deemphasizes physical reactions. C) introduced the idea of cognitive labeling. D) downplays one's interpretation of events.

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which basketball player would MOST likely have the best shooting ratio during game time? A) Joe, who is underaroused but confident in his skills B) Smith, who is overly aroused and feeling extremely pumped up C) Jordy, who is moderately aroused and wants to put forth effort D) Michael, who starts off underaroused but gets overly aroused when the fans get rowdy

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, feeling positive about yourself and having a good sense of self-worth represent _____ needs. A) esteem B) safety C) self-actualization D) belongingness and love

Statistically, which subgroup(s) tend(s) to be more motivated by goals that focus on relationships rather than on the self? A) older people from individualistic cultures B) younger people from individualistic cultures C) both women and people from collectivist cultures D) both men and people from collectivist cultures

_____ is a number calculated from a person's height and weight that indicates body fat and overall fitness level. A) Set point B) Body mass index C) Flow index D) Body metabolic rate

Zoe had always been very athletic and health conscious throughout high school. She is about to enter college and is extremely worried about the "freshman 15" to the point where she is starting to lose sleep over it. Having become familiar with the research on weight gain during college, what advice do you give to Zoe? A) Beware! People talk about the "freshman 15" for a reason. It is inevitable. B) Stop worrying! It all depends on genetics, so worrying about it won't make a difference. C) It's not as bad as it sounds! On average, people gain only 10 pounds as freshmen. D) Don't worry! The "freshman 15" is not inevitable and depends on many factors.

Which pair of individuals would have the lowest BMI correlation? A) parent and offspring B) nontwin siblings C) nonidentical twins D) identical twins

Flow is BEST defined as: A) performing a behavior with total absorption and enjoyment. B) a period of religious or mystical transformation. C) a unique connection between you and the universe. D) feeling positive about yourself and your abilities.

Burak is talking about a time when he was in a moment of self-actualization and experienced a peak experience. During this peak experience, it is MOST likely that he: A) had to continually refocus his attention. B) lost track of time and space. C) was extrinsically motivated. D) felt overwhelmed by the activity.

Brett feels quite annoyed whenever she is around her mother-in-law. After years of simply putting up with her mother-in-law's constant criticisms, Brett now regularly screens her phone calls and simply declines invitations from her. Which emotion regulation strategy is Brett adopting? A) attentional deployment B) situation modification C) cognitive change D) situation selection

Based on research, which person is MOST likely to suffer from increased risk of physical health problems and mental disorders, and be stigmatized as lazy and less qualified in the workplace? A) Judy, who is underweight B) Patti, who is of normal/healthy weight C) Millie, who is obese D) Nikki, who used to be overweight but is now underweight

_____ is a hormone that signals feelings of fullness, whereas _____ is a hormone that signals feelings of hunger. A) Ghrelin; leptin B) Adrenaline; ghrelin C) Leptin; adrenaline D) Leptin; ghrelin

Even though we live in a time of food abundance, the _____ suggests that we have inherited genes from our ancestors that promote an eating strategy designed to overeat and build up fat whenever possible in order to safeguard against famine. A) thrifty gene hypothesis B) regulatory focus theory C) hierarchy of needs D) Cannon-Bard theory

Arousal is BEST defined as a: A) biologically innate motivation. B) general excitement or attentiveness. C) steadiness in your bodily state. D) desire that stimulates and steers behavior.

Gabriella is concerned about her weight and thinks she needs to go on a diet. Her friends tell her that if she lost any weight she would be too thin. Gabriella decides to consult her doctor and finds that her BMI is 17. It turns out that she falls into the category of: A) underweight. B) normal/healthy weight. C) overweight. D) obesity.

Which factor is NOT positively correlated with BMIs? A) poverty levels B) price of healthy food C) access to nutritious food D) concentration of fast food restaurants

Which statement about the consequences of overweight or obese is TRUE? A) People who are overweight or obese are at greater risk for a long list of medical problems. B) There is no relationship between obesity and mental health problems. C) Medical costs tend to be higher among people of healthy weight than people who are overweight or obese. D) Research has found that people in the United States have generally positive attitudes toward people who are overweight.

Keisha and Tomeika are both excellent students and are achieving high grades in their calculus class. Keisha is motivated by performance goals, whereas Tomeika is motivated by mastery goals. Which statement is MOST likely to be true? A) Tomeika will learn calculus through rote memorization of formulas. B) Keisha will develop a deeper understanding of calculus than Tomeika. C) Tomeika will understand calculus more deeply than Keisha. D) Over time, Keisha will have higher self-esteem than Tomeika.

Which antismoking message would be MOST effective with people who are prevention-oriented? A) Enjoy a healthier lifestyle without cigarettes. B) No smoke, no tar, better breath, whiter teeth. C) Add years to your life with smoke-free lungs. D) Smoking will make you ugly.

Sal is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 223 pounds. His BMI is 34, which puts him in the _____ category. A) underweight B) normal/healthy weight C) overweight D) obese

Which statement about arousal and arousal theory is FALSE? A) Arousal theory states that people are motivated to obtain an optimal level of arousal. B) For any task, there is a measurable level of optimal arousal that is the same across all people. C) Arousal theory accounts for the role of curiosity in motivating people's behavior. D) Compared to low or high levels of arousal, moderate levels are linked to higher levels of performance.

_____ theory states that when you are motivated to do something, the desire to do it well rather than the desire to simply do it produces better outcomes. A) Achievement goal B) Drive reduction C) Arousal D) Regulatory focus

The thrifty gene hypothesis explains why we, as humans, have a natural tendency to: A) ration our food portion sizes. B) stock up on calories. C) limit our exercise levels. D) monitor the calories we consume.

When traveling overseas, a person motivated by prevention would MOST likely say: A) "This will be such a great learning experience for everyone." B) "I've always wanted to experience another culture." C) "Let's be vigilant and make sure our passports don't get stolen." D) "I can't wait to check out famous landmarks and taste the local cuisines."

According to Abraham Maslow, _____ needs involve connections with other people, whereas _____ needs involve connections with the larger universe and all beings in it. A) self-actualization; self-transcendence B) belongingness and love; self-transcendence C) safety; peak experience D) self-transcendence; belongingness and love

What did Paul Ekman find in his classic studies conducted in the early 1970s? A) People from collectivist versus individualistic cultures show different emotions. B) There are six basic human emotions that are expressed by people around the world. C) The basic emotions that people show depend greatly on both their age and culture. D) Babies brought up in different cultures differ in their capacity for emotional expressions.

The Health at Every Size movement: A) asserts that BMI sufficiently summarizes a person's health status. B) is very well supported and has received little to no criticism. C) views health as defined by healthy behaviors even if they don't result in thinness. D) has produced mostly negative outcomes related to body image and self-esteem.

After a long day at work and having skipped lunch, Oliver goes to an all-you-can-eat buffet with his coworkers. Feeling ravenous, Oliver immediately fills up multiple plates of food and begins to eat rapidly. Part way into the second plate, however, he begins to feel full. What BEST explains Oliver's sudden decrease in appetite? A) Leptin was released and received by his brain. B) His brain released large amounts of ghrelin. C) The food contained high amounts of ghrelin. D) He must have ingested a moderate amount of leptin.

Linda tends to be heavily motivated by prevention, whereas Hank tends to be extremely motivated by promotion. Consistent with research findings about regulatory focus theory, you might expect that: A) Linda will be vulnerable to anxiety disorders, while Hank will be vulnerable to depression. B) Hank will be vulnerable to anxiety disorders, while Linda will be vulnerable to depression. C) Linda and Hank are both equally vulnerable to anxiety disorders and depression because they fall on extreme ends of the motivation spectrum. D) Linda and Hank balance each other on the motivation spectrum, and so long as they are together neither will be vulnerable to anxiety or depression.

Which statement about emotion and gender is TRUE? A) Compared to men, women tend to pick up on others' emotions more accurately. B) Men tend to express their emotions more freely than do women. C) Feelings tend to be of greater intensity and longer duration in men than in women. D) There is very little difference between men and women in their emotional experiences.

The Cannon-Bard theory states that you experience emotion: A) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings. B) by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings. C) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it. D) as a result of your thoughts about a specific stimulus or event.

According to Maslow's theory, social bonds and connections with other people represent _____ needs. A) self-transcendence B) esteem C) safety D) belongingness and love

Consistent with the regulatory focus theory, which person would be MOST likely to buy a lottery ticket? A) Giselle, who is prevention-oriented B) Sarah, who is promotion-oriented C) Kadie, who is autonomously motivated D) Martine, who is in a high state of arousal

The _____ theory of emotion states that you experience emotion depending on how you interpret any given event, stimulus, or circumstance. A) cognitive appraisal B) Schachter-Singer C) Cannon-Bard D) James-Lange

A person with a BMI of 29 would be considered _____, whereas a person with a BMI of 33 would be considered _____. A) underweight; normal/healthy weight B) normal/healthy weight; overweight C) overweight; obese D) obese; overweight

Based on research findings, we can safely conclude that emoticons: A) have the same meaning in diverse cultures when used in texts and e-mails. B) should be used carefully when communicating cross-culturally. C) should never be used in surveys, rating systems, and questionnaires. D) are interpreted in the same universal way across cultures.

According to Abraham Maslow, a person whose home has recently been destroyed by a hurricane would MOST likely be driven primarily by _____ needs. A) safety B) self-transcendence C) esteem D) self-actualization

Yuko is Japanese and Elizabeth is American. Statistically, Yuko is more likely than Elizabeth to: A) experience negative consequences from suppression. B) express embarrassment when she is successful at a task. C) attribute her happiness to personal achievements. D) set a life goal of maximizing her happiness.

The cognitive appraisal theory states that you experience emotion: A) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings. B) by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings. C) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it. D) as a result of your interpretation of the specific stimulus or event that caused it.

_____ is the desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward. A) Intrinsic motivation B) Homeostasis C) Extrinsic motivation D) Self-determination

A body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 is considered: A) underweight. B) normal/healthy weight. C) overweight. D) obesity.

The facial feedback theory states that you experience emotion: A) that can be caused by your brain's monitoring of expressions such as a smile or a frown. B) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it. C) as a result of your interpretation of the specific stimulus or event that caused it. D) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings.

Which pair of individuals would have the highest BMI correlation? A) parent and offspring B) nontwin siblings C) nonidentical twins D) identical twins

Homeostasis refers to a(n): A) desire that stimulates and steers behavior. B) steadiness or balance in your bodily state. C) external object that you are motivated to acquire. D) stimulus that causes emotion.

_____ theory states that unmet biological urges and needs cause unpleasant sensations that motivate you to meet those needs. A) Drive reduction B) Instinct C) Self-determination D) Arousal

Which statement about arousal and arousal theory is TRUE? A) People tend to perform best at extreme levels of arousal. B) Like drive reduction theory, it does not account for the motivating role of curiosity. C) The focus is on achieving a steadiness or balance in your biological state. D) The optimal level of arousal differs across people and situations.

Metabolism is defined as: A) a steadiness or balance in your bodily state. B) the rate at which your body burns energy. C) a motivation that is biologically innate. D) a desire that stimulates and steers behavior.

What is a major difference between the two earlier theories of emotion (James-Lange and Cannon-Bard) and the two that came next historically (Schachter-Singer and cognitive appraisal)? A) The latter focused on how thinking influences the experience of emotion. B) The former deemphasized the role of physical reactions in the experience of emotion. C) The latter described emotions as happening automatically. D) The former emphasized the role of thought processes in determining feeling.

Which body mass index (BMI) would be considered normal/healthy weight? A) 15 B) 20 C) 25 D) 30

Homeostasis operates MOST like a: A) volume dial on your car stereo system. B) thermostat that regulates temperature in your house. C) light switch on your bathroom wall. D) charger for your cell phone.

According to research related to achievement goal theory, people who see their own abilities as changeable tend to have more of a _____ mindset, whereas people who see their abilities as fixed tend to have more of a _____ mindset. A) extrinsic; intrinsic B) fixed; incremental C) prevention; promotion D) mastery; performance

Billy and his grandfather decide to join a local fishermen's club that goes fishing every weekend. Consistent with research findings on motivation and age, which statement is MOST likely to be true? A) Billy is motivated by the possible outcome of catching lots of fish, whereas his grandfather is more interested in the process of fishing itself and the fun of fishing. B) Billy is motivated by the process of fishing itself and the fun of it, whereas his grandfather is more interested in the possible outcome of catching lots of fish. C) Billy is more likely than his grandfather to persist and continue trying in the event they don't catch any fish. D) Billy is more likely than his grandfather to work together and help others to catch fish.

Yoshi is from Japan, which values collectivism, whereas Richard is from the United States, which values individualism. Consistent with research findings on motivation and ethnicity, when Yoshi and Richard are presented with a challenging task and given periodic feedback that they are failing, what can we MOST likely expect as a result? A) Yoshi will tend to persist much longer on the task than will Richard. B) Richard will tend to persist much longer on the task than will Yoshi. C) There will be no difference between Yoshi and Richard in their persistence on the task. D) Richard will initially perform better on the task than Yoshi, but Yoshi will later outperform Richard.

Statistically, who is MOST likely to experience the greatest degree of positive emotions? A) Barnaby, who is 23 years old B) Augustine, who is 37 years old C) Harvey, who is 68 years old D) Eli, who is 93 years old and very near death

Elijah lives in an area with very few stores and restaurants that offer healthy food options. Even though Elijah can afford healthy food, he has trouble accessing it. Elijah lives in what is BEST described as a(n): A) affluent area. B) fast food zone. C) food desert. D) built environment.

According to the self-determination theory, which student would be MOST likely to learn the material covered in her courses in a deep and long-lasting way? A) Joanie, who is given high incentives B) Harietta, who is achieving homeostasis C) Reneka, who is extrinsically motivated D) Angie, who is autonomously motivated

One large-scale social strategy for promoting healthy eating is: A) repealing taxes on unhealthy foods to equalize the market. B) shifting the responsibility for food education from schools to individuals. C) reducing the limits on advertising of unhealthy foods. D) requiring more prominent and realistic food labeling.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex represent _____ needs. A) esteem B) safety C) physiological D) belongingness and love

Which statement about mastery versus performance goals is FALSE? A) Compared to performance goals, mastery goals tend to yield greater sustained motivation. B) People motivated by performance goals tend to view their abilities as unchangeable. C) Having more of a mastery mindset is something that is trainable. D) Compared to mastery goals, performance goals tend to relate to increased self-esteem.

Which statement about motivation is FALSE? A) Motivation prompts you to act with purpose toward a goal. B) Motivation is a desire that stimulates and steers behavior. C) Motivation does nothing more than simply prompt you to act. D) Sometimes a behavior is its own motivation.

Which comment BEST reflects intrinsic motivation? A) The money I get for doing this makes it worthwhile. B) I love how much I get praised for my work. C) I get so much pleasure from creating new things. D) I hope this internship will lead to a job offer.

An example of a person with a pressing physiological need is: A) Millie, who has spent a day hiking without water. B) Allyson, who is going through a divorce. C) Joi, who is having difficulty keeping her grades up. D) Pippa, who is spending the night at a homeless shelter.

An example of emotion is: A) thinking philosophically. B) feeling disgusted. C) drinking water. D) raising kids.

Duncan is not a fan of football but always feels pressured to join his friends when they invite him over for Monday night football viewing parties. To make the evening more tolerable, Duncan always brings ingredients to cook with and spends most of the time preparing good food and socializing in the kitchen. Which emotion regulation strategy is Duncan using? A) cognitive change B) situation modification C) attentional deployment D) response modulation

Based on research, which statement about motivation and ethnicity is FALSE? A) People from Western cultures tend to focus more on maintaining self-esteem, whereas people from Eastern cultures tend to focus more on self-improvement. B) In the face of failure, people from collectivist cultures tend to persist much longer than people from individualistic cultures. C) Research has found that Maslow's hierarchy of needs applies consistently the same way across cultures. D) Compared to people from Eastern cultures, people from Western cultures tend to be unrealistically optimistic about their own futures.

Soraya has been unemployed for several months and is just barely able to meet her basic needs. Layla, on the other hand, is gainfully employed and doing quite well financially. Based on research about the relationship between money and happiness, we can expect: A) an increase in money to produce much more happiness in Layla than in Soraya. B) an increase in money to produce much more happiness in Soraya than in Layla. C) no difference in happiness levels between the two women because money does not buy happiness. D) an increase in money to produce more happiness in both women, but only if they live in a rich country.

In which scenario would a baby most likely crawl across the deep end of a visual cliff? A) when mom is standing across from the baby making happy facial expressions B) when the baby sees mom looking fearful and wants to get to her as soon as possible C) when mom is standing behind the baby coaxing and encouraging the baby to crawl across D) when the baby sees mom beckoning with open arms and a calm demeanor

According to Maslow's theory, self-actualization is BEST defined as: A) having a good balance of promotion and prevention motivation. B) a feeling of connection with the universe and a sense of unity with all beings within it. C) fully becoming the person you have the potential and personal desire to become. D) the ability to be motivated by mastery goals despite society's focus on performance goals.

Which statement about sex differences, food consumption, and body weight is TRUE? A) Women tend to have faster resting metabolism than men. B) On average, women tend to eat more than men. C) Generally, men care more about eating healthy than women. D) Both men and women change their eating habits depending on who they are with.

According to research on the "freshman 15," the average weight gain among first-year college students is _____ pounds. A) 3 to 4 B) 9 to 10 C) 14 to 15 D) 19 to 20

Which statement about Maslow's hierarchy of needs is TRUE? A) According to Maslow, our fulfillment of basic needs in a certain order happens automatically. B) Maslow's theory originally included six basic needs, which was later reduced to five. C) Even though Maslow's theory is presented as a hierarchy, he argued that we oftentimes skip the first level. D) Once a person reaches self-transcendence, it is no longer necessary for that person to focus on basic needs.

A(n) _____ is a blissful moment of self-actualization that produces a strong feeling of personal fulfillment. A) optimal arousal B) achievement peak C) self-transcendent episode D) peak experience

According to achievement goal theory, a person who is motivated by _____ goals will likely sustain better overall outcomes than a person who is motivated by _____ goals. A) fixed; incremental B) mastery; performance C) extrinsic; intrinsic D) prevention; promotion

According to Maslow's theory, esteem needs include: A) security and stability in your daily life. B) food, water, sleep, and sex. C) positive feelings of self-worth and confidence. D) social bonds and connections with other people.

Which student is motivated by a mastery goal? A) Jenny, who is learning French so that she can have meaningful conversations with her friends from France B) Mark, who is studying a long list of French vocabulary words so he can pass his French class C) Debra, who is taking a French class to fulfill requirements for her undergraduate degree program D) Flynn, who is working hard to ace all his French tests so he can graduate with a 4.0 grade point average

Compared to people of normal weight, people who are overweight or obese are at greater risk for all of these conditions EXCEPT: A) higher medical costs. B) increased metabolic rate. C) dementia as older adults. D) mental health problems.

_____ is defined as a steadiness or balance in your bodily state. A) Homeostasis B) Incentive C) Instinct D) Arousal

A person whose BMI is 15 would be considered: A) underweight. B) normal/healthy weight. C) overweight. D) obese.

_____ refers to all aspects of feeling, including changes to the body, behavior, and consciousness. A) Motivation B) Emotion C) Homeostasis D) Instinct

Which statement about Maslow's hierarchy of needs is FALSE? A) It is a metatheory of motivation that focuses on many motivations working in a particular sequence. B) Maslow's theory originally included five basic needs, to which he later added a sixth. C) According to Maslow, you must deliberately think about the sequence of needs in order to fulfill them in order. D) It proposes that certain basic needs must be satisfied first before you can move on to fulfilling others.

According to Maslow's theory, belongingness and love needs include: A) security and stability in your daily life. B) food, water, sleep, and sex. C) feelings of self-worth and confidence. D) social bonds and connections with other people.

Much research supporting Ekman's work has found that recognition of basic emotions: A) is better among people with schizophrenia. B) varies significantly depending on age. C) depends largely upon culture. D) is rather universal around the world.

_____ motivation is about accomplishing, getting more, and advancing. _____ motivation, on the other hand, is about avoiding risk and holding on to what you have. A) Intrinsic; Extrinsic B) Extrinsic; Intrinsic C) Promotion; Prevention D) Prevention; Promotion

Based on research, which statement about motivation and ethnicity is TRUE? A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs applies consistently and in the same way across all cultures. B) Compared to people from Eastern cultures, people from Western cultures tend to be unrealistically optimistic about their own futures. C) People from Eastern cultures tend to focus more on maintaining self-esteem, whereas people from Western cultures tend to focus more on self-improvement. D) In the face of failure, people from individualistic cultures tend to persist much longer than people from collectivist cultures.

_____ is a desire that stimulates and steers behavior. A) Emotion B) Motivation C) Instinct D) Homeostasis

Alejandro and Samuel both like to drink juice. At home, Alejandro uses short, wide glasses for drinking, whereas Samuel uses tall, narrow glasses. Based on research findings regarding portion size, we would expect: A) Alejandro to typically consume more juice than Samuel. B) Samuel to typically consume more juice than Alejandro. C) no difference in average juice consumption between Alejandro and Samuel. D) more juice consumption in the winter for Alejandro, but more in the summer for Samuel.

An example of an incentive is: A) increased happiness. B) recognition from your boss. C) decreased hunger pains. D) pleasure from eating dessert.

Which is NOT a research-supported technique to increase positive emotions? A) visualizing a bright future B) writing letters of gratitude C) focusing on what you don't have D) performing acts of kindness

According to research on self-determination theory, which scenario would MOST likely yield the healthiest motivations and best performance results? A) Julieta, who accepts a particular job offer because it pays a lot of money B) Harry, who chooses a certain career path because he knows it will make his parents proud C) Renata, who volunteers at a soup kitchen because she is required to do community service D) Alfio, who becomes a musician because he finds it naturally rewarding

Ivanna is driving to work when the car immediately in front of her comes to a sudden stop, causing Ivanna to slam on her brakes and swerve in order to avoid a major collision. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, Ivanna would: A) first notice her heart racing, palms sweating, and muscles tensing up, which would then trigger her feeling of fear. B) experience fear simply because she interprets the situation as potentially causing great harm and damage to all persons involved. C) simultaneously experience the changes in heart rate, perspiration, and muscular tension in her body, as well as the conscious experience of fear in her mind. D) experience a feeling of fear only after labeling her physical reactions of increased heart rate, perspiration, and muscular tension as being due to fear.

Emotion regulation is BEST defined as: A) accurately assessing situations in order to have the appropriate emotional response. B) strengthening the bonds you have with other people by communicating your emotions. C) the ability to manage the type, intensity, length, and expression of one's own emotions. D) monitoring one's facial expressions in order to influence one's own emotions.

According to Maslow's theory, safety needs include: A) security and stability in your daily life. B) food, water, sleep, and sex. C) feelings of self-worth and confidence. D) connections with other people.

Alfredo is a talented artist. Even though Alfredo wants to start a new line of work, he feels obligated to continue what he is currently doing because there is a lot of demand for his work. Giovanni, on the other hand, is also a talented artist, but his work is not quite as popular. Nevertheless, Giovanni is passionate about his work and continues his line of work for the sheer enjoyment of it. Which statement would be MOST supported by research on self-determination theory? A) Alfredo's extrinsic motivation will result in higher levels of psychological wellness. B) Giovanni's autonomous motivation will result in higher levels of psychological wellness. C) Alfredo and Giovanni are both autonomously motivated and will have the same outcomes. D) Alfredo and Giovanni are motivated in different ways but this has no impact on wellness.

In a podcast about dating patterns and relationships around the world, Dr. Rizzuto asserts her belief about the primary reason that humans engage in romantic relationships. She argues that humans are driven primarily by motivations that are biologically innate. Dr. Rizzuto's position is MOST aligned with the _____ theory. A) instinct B) regulatory focus C) arousal D) achievement goal

Around mealtime, ghrelin sends a message to the brain telling it to _____, and then leptin sends a message telling it to _____. A) stop eating; start eating B) start eating; stop eating C) cool down before eating; warm up to digest D) warm up to digest; cool down before eating

_____ is an external reward. A) An incentive B) Homeostasis C) An instinct D) Esteem

Which theory of emotion states that you experience emotion by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings? A) cognitive appraisal theory B) Schachter-Singer theory C) Cannon-Bard theory D) James-Lange theory

Solitary confinement can be an effective form of punishment because it deprives a person of his or her basic need for: A) safety. B) belongingness and love. C) esteem. D) self-transcendence.

Statistically speaking, which person would be MOST likely to be concerned about looking gluttonous while eating? A) Haley, who is a child B) Kevin, who is an older adult C) Nadine, who is a woman D) Frank, who is a young man

A body mass index (BMI) _____ falls into the category of overweight. A) below 18.5 B) between 18.5 and 24.9 C) between 25 and 29.9 D) of 30 or higher

In lab experiments, researchers have found that injecting extra _____ into mice caused them to eat less. A) ghrelin B) adrenaline C) leptin D) cortisol

Tomas works hard in his garden because he knows he can sell his homegrown produce at the local farmer's market. Ahmed spends a lot of time gardening because of his sheer passion for growing beautiful flowers and vegetables. Tomas is demonstrating _____, whereas Ahmed is demonstrating _____. A) regulatory focus; promotion motivation B) extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation C) self-determination; drive reduction D) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

"Start eating-your stomach is empty." This message is triggered by which hormone? A) cortisol B) leptin C) adrenaline D) ghrelin

Which statement about emotions is MOST accurate? Emotions are: A) the tendencies to identify with the feelings of others. B) desires that stimulate and steer behavior. C) both mental and physical experiences. D) neither mental nor physical experiences.

An example of intrinsic motivation is: A) Danny, who becomes a doctor because he likes the prestige it brings. B) Andy, who joins the football team because he wants to be viewed as popular. C) Boris, who learns Spanish because he wants to be more competitive in the job market. D) Lenny, who plays the flute because he has a passion for music.

Which statement about motivation and emotion is TRUE? A) Both words come from the same root, which means to move. B) Emotion and motivation are separate and unrelated concepts. C) Emotion has to do with feelings that emerge only after behavior. D) Motivation always comes first, so without motivation there is no emotion.

Bronwen has had a series of bad first dates. She often becomes quite bored with the conversation early on and then dinner feels like it drags on for hours. Instead of dinner, Bronwen now suggests meeting someone for the first time over coffee. Which emotion regulation strategy is Bronwen using? A) cognitive change B) situation modification C) attentional deployment D) response modulation

Meeting self-transcendence needs is BEST reflected by: A) engaging in a job that you love. B) being in a relationship where you can truly be yourself. C) dedicating your life to a social cause. D) reading a book that engages you intellectually.

Meha works at a call center and finds the work to be very stressful. Nevertheless, Meha plans to continue working there for the next few years because the pay is good and she wants to begin saving some money. In this scenario, the pay is considered a(n): A) instinct. B) physiological need. C) incentive. D) esteem need.

According to the facial feedback theory, a person can experience fear by: A) first noticing an increase in heart rate and respiration. B) openly exclaiming that he or she is scared. C) interpreting an event as terrifying and dangerous. D) gaping with their eyes widened and eyebrows slanted upward.

Research has found all of these to be benefits of positive emotions EXCEPT: A) increased response modulation. B) long-term physical health. C) creative problem solving. D) better interactions with others.

Emotion is BEST defined as: A) a desire that stimulates and prompts you to act with purpose toward a goal. B) one's drive to maintain a certain level of bodily steadiness or balance. C) personal awareness of how the built environment affects your lifestyle. D) all aspects of feeling, including bodily, behavioral, and mental changes.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, _____ needs involve needs beyond the self that arise only when all of the other needs are met. A) self-actualization B) self-transcendence C) regulatory focus D) self-determination

According to research findings on the self-determination theory, a person who is trying to live a healthier lifestyle would MOST likely make more significant improvements that last longer if they are making the changes because: A) they personally want to do so. B) of doctor's orders. C) they want to fit in with others. D) of increasing health care costs.

During a cross-country championship race, Coach Tam cheers on her runners at various locations on the 3-mile course. Toward the middle of the race, Coach Tam shouts out to her runners, "Chin up and smile!" Even though the runners were physically exhausted and in pain, they admitted afterward that smiling actually helped them feel more positive. Coach Tam's strategy is informed by the: A) cognitive appraisal theory. B) arousal theory. C) facial feedback theory. D) self-determination theory.

Well into her seventies now, Anna Grace has led a rather fulfilling life and now spends most of her time selflessly engaging in volunteer work to help others in need. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Anna Grace would BEST be described as meeting _____ needs. A) belongingness and love B) self-actualization C) spiritual D) self-transcendence

_____ theory states that the strongest and healthiest motivations are those that are autonomous and come from within yourself. A) Drive reduction B) Instinct C) Self-determination D) Arousal

A person who does something because she simply enjoys doing it is an example of: A) regulatory fit. B) intrinsic motivation. C) prevention motivation. D) extrinsic motivation.

Which factor is NOT one that directly affects your body mass index? A) the number of calories you consume B) your feelings about your weight C) the number of calories you burn D) your height

Riz pays a visit to his doctor's office where the nurses determine that his BMI is 19.8. This puts him in the _____ category. A) underweight B) normal/healthy weight C) overweight D) obesity

Zach is a highly skilled saxophone player who thoroughly enjoys playing music and also welcomes the challenge of playing for audiences of all sizes. Whenever Zach plays at a concert, he feels like he is "in the zone." Zach's experience of being totally absorbed while playing the saxophone can be BEST described as: A) instinctual arousal. B) homeostasis. C) self-transcendence. D) flow.

A body mass index (BMI) _____ falls into the category of obesity. A) below 18.5 B) between 18.5 and 24.9 C) between 25 and 29.9 D) of 30 or higher

Kaori is about to give a presentation in front of a large crowd when she notices her heart rate increase and her palms get a bit sweaty. According to the Schachter-Singer theory, Kaori might: A) then experience a feeling of nervousness that was automatically triggered by her bodily reactions. B) force herself to smile, which then causes her to experience a feeling of happiness. C) simultaneously experience the conscious experience of nervousness in her mind. D) label her bodily response as nervousness about the stakes involved in the delivery of her presentation.

Abraham Maslow created an explanation of motivation known as the: A) self-determination theory. B) self-transcendence of needs. C) achievement goal theory. D) hierarchy of needs.

Research on self-determination theory shows that _____ is linked to higher performance in terms of quantity and quality. A) autonomous motivation B) moderate levels of arousal C) extrinsic motivation D) achievement of homeostasis

All are individual strategies for promoting healthy eating suggested by experts EXCEPT: A) shopping smart in terms of food choices. B) eating out of bigger containers. C) considering professional help as needed. D) managing lifestyle changes.

An example of a lifestyle change that promotes health is: A) integrating exercise into your regular schedule. B) going on a crash diet for a few days. C) motivating yourself for an intense short-term exercise program. D) being sure to "clean your plate" so as to not waste food.

Which strategy is LEAST likely to promote healthy eating and weight management? A) limiting the advertising of unhealthy foods, particularly on kids' shows B) creating built environments that promote walking, jogging, and bike riding C) raising the prices of vegetables and fruit to make them more valuable D) providing tax incentives to supermarkets for opening stores in food deserts

Donnie has been preparing for months to take a standardized test for college admissions. On the day of the test, she feels well-prepared but also quite nervous. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which level of arousal would be MOST beneficial for Donnie's test performance? A) minimal B) moderate C) maximum D) alternating high and low

Your _____ is the particular weight to which your body tends to return after increases or decreases. A) metabolism B) BMI C) peak experience D) set point

_____ theory states that animals are driven primarily by biologically innate motivations. A) Drive reduction B) Instinct C) Self-determination D) Arousal

Dr. Attard is a strong proponent of the drive reduction theory. She would MOST likely believe that people's behaviors are primarily motivated by a desire to: A) obtain and maintain an optimal level of arousal. B) fulfill biological instincts such as eating and reproduction. C) satisfy biological needs in order to reach and maintain homeostasis. D) not only achieve but master certain kinds of goals.

Herb is really interested in and attracted to Carol, but has not had any luck when asking her out on a date. According to the cognitive appraisal theory, when Herb finds out a few weeks later that Carol has begun a new romantic relationship with someone else, he: A) notices tears well up in his eyes, which then triggers a feeling of sadness and disappointment. B) experiences a feeling of sadness because he interprets this event as rejection and an assault on his self-esteem. C) labels his bodily response of crying as sadness over not getting the woman of his dreams. D) simultaneously experiences a feeling of sadness and the physical reaction of crying.

In terms of sustaining better overall outcomes, mastery goals in achievement goal theory are MOST similar to: A) prevention motivation in regulatory focus theory. B) autonomous motivation in self-determination theory. C) maximum arousal levels in the Yerkes-Dodson law. D) extrinsically controlled motivation in regulatory focus theory.

Which statement about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is TRUE? A) Extrinsic motivation is linked to higher self-esteem and well-being. B) Intrinsic motivation often undermines extrinsic motivation. C) Behavior on an intrinsically motivated task may decrease with extrinsic motivation. D) Intrinsic motivation is linked to higher rates of depression and anxiety over time.

Statistically, which person would tend to be the most motivated to avoid loss? A) a teenager B) a young adult C) a middle-age adult D) an older adult

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, _____ levels of arousal are generally the most beneficial for achieving high performance. A) minimal B) moderate C) maximum D) both minimal and maximum

Which theory of motivation accounts for the role of curiosity in motivating human behavior? A) arousal B) drive reduction C) instinct D) cognitive appraisal

Claudia is experiencing a high amount of stress due to major changes at work and having to juggle a lot of family obligations. According to research findings about stress and eating, it is MOST likely that Claudia's stress levels will influence: A) only how much she eats. B) only what she eats. C) both how much and what she eats. D) neither how much nor what she eats.

Flow would MOST likely be experienced by: A) Zafar, who is extremely nervous. B) Pedro, who is distracted. C) Manny, who is extrinsically motivated. D) Min-Jun, who is optimally challenged.

The tendency to identify and perhaps even experience the emotions of others is called: A) gratitude. B) empathy. C) modulation. D) sympathy.

When confronted by change at work, a person motivated by promotion would MOST likely say: A) "What if this doesn't work?" B) "This might improve our processes!" C) "We should have a back-up plan." D) "Last time we tried this, it failed!"

Which scenario would be LEAST likely to threaten the safety needs of persons involved? A) gun violence on campus B) a bank robbery C) solitary confinement D) hazardous weather conditions

Your set point is defined as the: A) number calculated from your height and weight that indicates overall fitness level. B) point at which your body efficiently burns the most energy. C) particular weight to which your body tends to return after increases or decreases. D) label you assign to your bodily reactions that determines your mental reaction.

"I know you're really upset, but would you please not make a scene in front of everyone?" This request suggests the use of which emotion regulation strategy? A) cognitive change B) situation modification C) attentional deployment D) response modulation

_____ is defined as the rate at which your body burns energy. A) Flow B) Drive reduction C) Metabolism D) Homeostasis

An incentive is BEST defined as a(n): A) motivation that is biologically innate. B) object or situation outside yourself that you are motivated to acquire. C) desire to perform a behavior because the behavior itself is rewarding. D) moment of self-actualization that produces strong feelings of fulfillment.

What is the heritability of being overweight? A) less than 10% B) 10-40% C) 40-70% D) 70-100%

An example of an instinct that is common across species is: A) climbing. B) bathing. C) reproducing. D) cooking.

Juana is a low-empathy person, whereas Fiorella is a high-empathy person. Research suggests that when shown photos of happy faces: A) Fiorella is likely to smile slightly, while Juana is likely to hold a straight face. B) Fiorella is likely to smile slightly, while Juana is likely to frown slightly. C) Fiorella is likely to hold a straight face, while Juana is likely to frown slightly. D) both Fiorella and Juana are likely to respond the same way, but this would change if the photos were of angry faces.

Successful communication of emotions depends on your ability to both express them yourself and _____ them in others. A) overlook B) control C) influence D) recognize

Which comment BEST reflects extrinsic motivation? A) I'm doing this because I enjoy it. B) I love how reading stimulates my mind. C) I get such a thrill from working with people. D) I love how much I get paid for my job.

A friend of yours is extremely frustrated with his boss's bad decisions, and has gotten very close to unleashing his pent-up anger at staff meetings. He knows that letting his anger show will only make things worse, so he asks you for advice on how to regulate his negative emotion at staff meetings. If you were to propose response modulation, you would MOST likely suggest that he: A) just hold it in. B) distract himself. C) look on the brighter side. D) start missing staff meetings.

According to the drive reduction theory, your behavior of drinking water is MOST motivated by a: A) desire to keep your skin hydrated. B) drive to perform better athletically. C) need to be perceived as healthy. D) desire to satisfy thirst.

_____ is the desire to perform a behavior because the behavior itself is rewarding. A) Intrinsic motivation B) Homeostasis C) Extrinsic motivation D) Response modulation

Luciana and Mariana are identical twin sisters raised apart. Jafari and Khamisi are brothers born 2 years apart but raised together. Based on adoption and twin studies, what can we expect to be TRUE? A) Jafari and Khamisi have a much higher BMI correlation than Luciana and Mariana. B) Luciana and Mariana have a much higher BMI correlation than Jafari and Khamisi. C) There is more variability in BMI between Luciana and Mariana due to environmental factors than between Jafari and Khamisi. D) There is no difference in BMI correlation between the two pairs because Luciana and Mariana were raised apart.

Valeria and Camila eat about the same amounts of the same kinds of foods. They both exercise a lot, and yet Valeria stays quite fit while Camila gains weight easily and has trouble losing it. One likely explanation is a difference in _____ between the two women. A) metabolic rate B) drive reduction C) homeostasis D) flow

_____ goals are about demonstrating that you can do something well and showing others that you can achieve it, whereas _____ goals are about doing something well and actually achieving it. A) Performance; mastery B) Prevention; promotion C) Mastery; performance D) Incremental; fixed

Reid is trying out to be the kicker for a football team. At practice throughout the past week, Reid made just about every kick. At tryouts, however, he gets so nervous that he misses every kick and doesn't get a starting spot on the team. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what BEST explains Reid's poor performance at tryouts? A) He became overly aroused and lost focus. B) His anxiety caused him to be underaroused. C) His overarousal caused him to lose interest so he hardly tried. D) He was optimally aroused but his lack of ability showed through.

Which popular saying BEST reflects using cognitive change to regulate emotion in a bad situation? A) Keep calm and carry on. B) Every cloud has a silver lining. C) Fake it 'til you make it. D) Suck it up, Buttercup.

_____ theory states that you are motivated to obtain an optimal level of general excitement or attentiveness. A) Drive reduction B) Instinct C) Self-determination D) Arousal

Which factor MOST contributes to increased rates of obesity? A) TV watching B) affluence C) exercise opportunities D) taxes on unhealthy foods

Motivation is BEST defined as: A) the ability to manage the type, intensity, length, and expression of one's emotions. B) all aspects of feeling, including changes to the body, behavior, and consciousness. C) a steadiness or balance in a person's bodily state. D) a desire that stimulates you to act with purpose toward a goal.

Tobias has been working extremely hard and has gotten only about an hour or two of sleep for the past two nights. At this point, he is MOST likely driven primarily by _____ needs. A) safety B) self-transcendence C) esteem D) physiological

According to research findings on motivation and age, younger adults tend to be more _____ while older adults tend to be more _____. A) prevention-oriented; promotion-oriented B) promotion-oriented; prevention-oriented C) focused on mastery goals; focused on performance goals D) self-transcendent; self-actualized

Helen's thirst stimulates her to take a break from work and find a glass of water. Helen's desire to quench her thirst is an example of: A) motivation. B) an incentive. C) emotion. D) the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Which statement about sex differences, food consumption, and body weight is FALSE? A) On average, men tend to eat more than women. B) Women tend to have faster resting metabolism than men. C) Generally, women eat more fruits and vegetables than men. D) Both men and women change their eating habits depending on who they are with.

Which message on an exercise campaign ad would be MOST effective with people who are promotion-oriented? A) Exercise is the best way to prevent diabetes and heart disease. B) Boost your energy and productivity with some cardio exercise. C) Don't let yourself feel down, go for a run or brisk walk now. D) Get your body moving to stop those holiday pounds from adding up.

The hierarchy of needs is an explanation of motivation that: A) asserts the dominance of mastery over performance goals. B) focuses on many motivations working in a particular order. C) distinguishes between promotion and prevention motivation. D) emphasizes the importance of autonomous motivation.

According to Maslow's theory, physiological needs include: A) security and stability. B) food, water, sleep, and sex. C) feelings of self-worth and confidence. D) connections with other people.

A motivation that is biologically innate is called a(n): A) settling point. B) peak performance. C) incentive. D) instinct.

Set point is to nature as _____ is to nurture. A) ethnicity B) settling point C) genetics D) homeostasis

Clara was by herself late one night and turned her car onto a quiet side street to stop for a moment and check a message on her phone. Suddenly, she was startled by a loud noise behind her. Without even looking to see what caused the noise, Clara's _____ prompted her to quickly step on the gas and drive away. A) homeostasis B) physiological need C) emotion D) prevention motivation

An example of emotion regulation is: A) cursing when you get frustrated. B) holding back tears when you receive sad news. C) panicking when you drop your phone. D) getting sweaty palms when you're nervous.

Which statement about emotion and gender is FALSE? A) Feelings tend to be of greater intensity and longer duration in women than in men. B) Compared to men, women tend to pick up on others' emotions more accurately. C) Women tend to have a wider range of people with whom they will discuss their emotions. D) There is very little difference between men and women in their experience of emotion.

According to research on the "freshman 15," which student is statistically MOST likely to gain the full "freshman 15" in college? A) Hazel, a woman, who had a high BMI and low stress levels before entering college B) Sarina, a woman, who had a high BMI and high stress levels before entering college C) Chuck, a man, who had a low BMI and low stress levels before entering college D) Andrew, a man, who had a high BMI and low stress levels before entering college

_____ theory states that promotion and prevention are two primary motivation systems that affect different people in different ways. A) Achievement goal B) Drive reduction C) Arousal D) Regulatory focus

All are considered by Paul Ekman to be a basic human emotion EXCEPT: A) surprise. B) sadness. C) empathy. D) disgust.

A person would MOST likely experience a heightened need for belongingness and love after: A) breaking up with a romantic partner. B) failing a final exam at school. C) skipping several meals. D) missing a deadline at work.

Consistent with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a person with a safety need is BEST exemplified by: A) Angelo, who has just broken up with his romantic partner. B) Milfred, who is fleeing from a war-torn country. C) Changle, who is having difficulty in her calculus class. D) Piper, who is failing to reach her fullest potential.

Esteban is putting in extra time at the gym over the summer in order to excel on his football team when the season begins in the fall. According to Maslow's theory, Esteban is working on satisfying a basic need for: A) self-actualization. B) belongingness and love. C) esteem. D) self-transcendence.

What is the correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, starting with the most basic level after physiological needs? A) Safety, Esteem, Belongingness and Love, Self-Actualization, Self-Transcendence B) Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Transcendence, Self-Actualization C) Belongingness and Love, Safety, Esteem, Self-Transcendence, Self-Actualization D) Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization, Self-Transcendence

Norms within a group regarding acceptable verbal and nonverbal emotional expressions are called: A) cognitive appraisals. B) social strategies. C) response modulations. D) display rules.

An example of satisfying your esteem needs is: A) forging new friendships in a new city. B) being recognized as the most valuable employee. C) seeking shelter when a tornado siren sounds. D) becoming totally absorbed in an activity.

Discuss the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Provide an example of each in your personal life. Also, describe a situation where a behavior either began as intrinsically motivated and later became extrinsically motivated, or vice versa. What was the impact of this change on your performance and/or enjoyment of that behavior, and was it consistent with research findings in this area?

Discuss the importance of understanding display rules when interacting with people of different ethnic groups, age groups, and gender-based groups. Describe a situation where you have either noticed a display rule different from one you are accustomed to, or suddenly realized you were inadvertently in violation of a display rule.

Critically discuss the role that socioeconomic status plays in obesity rates.

Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to your own life. Describe and provide examples of ways in which you have satisfied certain needs. Also discuss the needs that you are currently working on satisfying, as well as the ones you have yet to fulfill. Be sure to mention all six needs.

Discuss at least three different techniques that psychologists have found to be effective for most people in increasing positive emotions. Also discuss the documented benefits of maximizing positive emotions in your everyday life.

College can be stressful, especially among first-year students. What does research tell us about stress and eating, and the infamous "freshman 15"?

Explain the difference between a mastery goal and a performance goal, and provide a real-life example of each. Also, describe the ways in which mastery goals are said to produce better outcomes than performance goals.

Describe the concept of flow and how it relates to peak experiences. Provide a personal example of a time you have experienced flow.

"Fake it 'til you make it." Discuss what is meant by this common saying as it relates to the facial feedback theory of emotion. What is a situation where you have either witnessed this phenomenon, or can imagine a useful application of it?

Compare and contrast the three classic theories of motivation. Among the three (instinct theory, drive reduction theory, and arousal theory), which one do you agree with the most, and why? Be sure to provide an example to support your position.

Your friend Leslie has been struggling with weight problems and asks you for advice. What are three research-supported individual strategies for promoting healthy eating that you might suggest to her?

Consider the case of Gracie and Avie who are identical twins, Olivia and Sophie who are nonidentical twins, and Elizabeth and Taryn who are second cousins. Based on findings from twin and family studies, what differences in BMI correlation might we expect to find between the three pairs? Discuss the biological and genetic influences on eating and weight that might relate to these differences.

Define the terms "motivation" and "emotion" and briefly discuss how the two are related. Then imagine yourself in the midst of a busy final exam week, and describe how your motivation to succeed and your emotions may likely influence your behaviors. Also discuss how your motivations and emotions during this stressful time may influence one another.

Compare and contrast the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, and cognitive appraisal theories of emotion. Apply each of the theories to the scenario where you are working on an important paper for class when suddenly the power flickers and your computer freezes.

Describe the two motivation systems-promotion versus prevention-that comprise the regulatory focus theory. Now imagine a workplace that is undergoing major changes in technology. How would an employee who is promotion-oriented tend to respond to these changes, and how would a prevention-oriented employee tend to respond?

Describe the five strategies for emotion regulation and provide a personal example for each of the three strategies that you tend to use most often.

Imagine you are a consultant contracted by the state government to develop a large-scale plan to promote healthy eating. Discuss at least four social strategies for promoting healthy eating that you should include in your plan.

Define the terms "obese" and "overweight." Consider the case of Jeff, who has a BMI of 32. Based on research, what conditions and consequences would Jeff be at heightened risk of facing?