Quiz 5: Memory

The tendency to recall one's negative, unfortunate circumstances, while failing to recall the positive events in one's life, is called: A) dissociative amnesia. B) rumination. C) anxiety. D) source amnesia.

_____ rehearsal involves shallow processing, whereas _____ rehearsal involves deep processing. A) Maintenance; elaborative B) Short-term; maintenance C) Sensory; long-term D) Maintenance; deliberative

Involuntary memory is defined as: A) the tendency to ruminate about the negative events in one's life. B) inaccurate memory for things because of the labels others use for them. C) the spontaneous retrieval of information without any intention of retrieving it. D) the unconscious choice to forget particularly unpleasant experiences.

Two students take a memory test where 15 words were projected sequentially onto a screen. Sal tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the screen, whereas Sima tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence. Based on research findings about levels of processing, you would predict that: A) Sal will have better recall of the words because he used deep processing. B) Sal will have poorer recall of the words because he used elaborative rehearsal. C) Sima will have better recall of the words because she used deep processing. D) The two students will have similar to equal recall of the words.

The _____ effect is the tendency to remember the last items in a series particularly well, whereas the _____ effect is the tendency to remember the first items in a series particularly well. A) recency; primacy B) spacing; serial position C) serial position; interference D) primacy; recency

Which statement is FALSE about flashbulb memories? A) They are distinctly clear and vivid memories of emotionally charged events. B) They are produced as a result of negative, perhaps tragic events, but not positive ones. C) They are often shared by many people who experienced or witnessed the same event. D) They can be produced due to society-wide events as well as personal events.

Typically, multiple-choice questions test for ____, whereas essay questions test for _____. A) retrieval; recognition B) recognition; recall C) priming; recall D) recall; recognition

Retrieval is defined as: A) entering information into memory. B) taking in information through your senses. C) pulling information out of memory. D) processing information as it sits in short-term memory.

Memory research suggests that sleep may serve two important functions: _____ of memories that strengthen memory formation, and preventing _____ from taking place. A) encoding; decay B) consolidation; interference C) processing; consolidation D) encoding; learning-related disorders

Which is an example of chunking? A) learning a country line dance as a series of individual steps B) repeating a long list of about 20 separate items to buy at the store C) remembering a shopping list as taco ingredients, laundry items, and toiletries D) seeing a chess game as a collection of isolated pieces and moves

A person relying on _____ is retrieving information from storage without any comparison to external information. A) recognition B) priming C) recall D) relearning

An example of encoding is: A) watching a movie at the theater. B) thinking about your first day of school. C) repeating someone's telephone number. D) singing your favorite song.

Which statement is TRUE about context and memory? A) Context plays an important role in your ability to remember certain pieces of information. B) Contextual information has no bearing on your ability to remember target information. C) Interference affects only people with short attention spans. D) People with high intelligence are immune to memory problems due to interference.

Much research has explored the regions of the brain responsible for explicit memory. Which statement is NOT supported by the research cited in your textbook? A) Episodic memory and semantic memory are both formed in the same region of the brain. B) Damage to the hippocampus is associated with impaired episodic memory. C) The hippocampus is much more involved in episodic memory than in semantic memory. D) Semantic memory relies more heavily on the prefrontal cortex than on the hippocampus.

Which question would MOST likely be asked by someone engaging in shallow processing of written text? A) What does it mean? B) How does it relate to information I already know? C) What are its most important points? D) What color are the letters?

Raj has long been a huge University of Virginia basketball fan. He goes to almost every home basketball game and recently witnessed UVA winning the national championship for the first time in college basketball history. While every other game is pretty much a blur to Raj, it is likely that he will be able to vividly recall details and exciting moments from this particular event for decades to come. For Raj, this national championship victory is considered a(n): A) iconic memory. B) mnemonic. C) flashbulb memory. D) method of loci.

Reid was playing football when he sustained a blow to his head during a rough tackle and was unconscious for a few minutes. When Reid regained consciousness, he could answer questions about himself, like his name, address, and where he grew up. However, he had difficulty recalling the current year and our nation's first president. It appears that Reid experienced a brain injury that impaired his _____, while his _____ remained intact. A) episodic memory; procedural memory B) hippocampus; prefrontal cortex C) semantic memory; episodic memory D) implicit memory; explicit memory

Using the principle of encoding specificity to your advantage is best reflected by: A) going to bed early to avoid sleep deprivation prior to taking a test. B) rehearsing vocabulary words for a class so you will recognize them on a midterm. C) studying in an environment similar to the classroom where you will be taking the exam. D) taking a deep breath before a test to reduce the negative impact of anxiety on memory.

Research on repressed memory suggests that some experiences may be so unpleasant or traumatic that people may unconsciously choose to forget them. This phenomenon is known as: A) automatic encoding. B) hindsight bias. C) source monitoring. D) motivated forgetting.

Which statement would be the MOST likely to be made by a person suffering from anterograde amnesia? A) I have no recollection of anything from before the surgery. B) I can't remember the fastest route to the hospital. C) I know where the event is but I have no idea who told me. D) I can't seem to remember anything since the accident.

The decreased connectivity between neurons in the brain that is thought to be a basis for memory fading is known as: A) long-term depression. B) source amnesia. C) encoding specificity. D) anterograde amnesia.

At the neuron level in the brain, if long-term potentiation were to occur, you would see: A) no changes in the short-term but potential for long-term decay. B) increased activity and connectivity between certain neurons. C) decreased neural activity in the hippocampus. D) deterioration of connections between axons and cell bodies.

Bella receives a wedding invitation in the mail. The next day, she cannot seem to remember any of the details about the wedding, but she does recall the color of the invitation, the type and size of the font, and that many letters were in upper case. At which level did Bella process the invitation? A) shallow B) deep C) effortful D) intermediate

Oftentimes people take shortcuts across the grass instead of walking along the longer paved concrete path. The shortcuts worn into the grass over time is MOST similar to the concept of _____ in memory. A) long-term depression B) chunking C) elaborative rehearsal D) long-term potentiation

A type of memory in which processing is done on briefly held information is called: A) short-term memory. B) encoding. C) automatic processing. D) working memory.

Which statement is FALSE about the relationship between anxiety and memory? A) Anxiety has very little impact on children's memory and school performance. B) Working memory capacity is negatively correlated with anxiety. C) People with anxiety disorders tend to have rather accurate memory for their life events. D) Memory for verbal information is particularly compromised by anxiety.

_____ is a type of effortful processing where pieces of information are grouped together in a meaningful way to boost memory. A) Chunking B) Rehearsal C) Misinforming D) Elaboration

Working memory is a type of memory: A) that is important for retrieving old memories but not creating new ones. B) that merely serves as a holding cell for information passively waiting to be processed. C) in which processing is actively done on briefly held information. D) that operates primarily at night while you sleep.

_____ is a type of effortful processing where a person deliberately repeats information to enhance memory. A) Storage B) Chunking C) Rehearsal D) Elaboration

Source amnesia is the inability to: A) form new memories after a certain point in time. B) remember how you obtained a particular memory, but not the memory itself. C) recall anything related to a particularly traumatic event. D) retrieve information that took place prior to a certain point in time.

A person experiencing anterograde amnesia would MOST likely not remember: A) the conversation the person just had. B) the person's own name. C) the home where the person grew up. D) the person's family members.

You are given a list of 15 words to remember in the order they are presented to you. At the time of recall, you can confidently recall only the first 3 words on the list. Which memory concept BEST explains your performance on the recall test? A) primacy effect B) recency effect C) labeling effect D) serial position effect

Which statement about chunking is FALSE? A) We often chunk deliberately to enhance our memories. B) Chunking can happen automatically without conscious awareness. C) Experts in chess and other fields often perform worse when they engage in chunking. D) Chunking involves grouping pieces of information together in a meaningful way.

Your best friend says something to you while you are in the middle of a task. You don't quite catch what he says, so you immediately ask him, "What?" He begins to repeat himself, but then you suddenly realize that you did hear what he said. You say, "Never mind, I heard you." Your friend is puzzled, wondering why you asked him to repeat himself if you had understood what he said the first time. Which statement best explains your behavior? A) Visual sensory memory helps to inform your auditory sensory memory. B) Iconic memory lasts for only fractions of a second. C) Echoic memory lasts for up to several seconds. D) Working memory is crucial to learning.

Ethan takes a high-level computer programming certification course and becomes quite skilled at creating unique computer applications as well as troubleshooting. For a couple years after taking the course, though, Ethan pursues a different career path and does not get the chance to do any computer programming. He eventually forgets what he learned from the course. Ethan's experience MOST reflects the process psychologists refer to as: A) memory decay. B) pseudoforgetting. C) amnesia. D) interference.

Harry rearranges the seemingly meaningless letters BTWLOLOMGIDK into BTW LOL OMG IDK to make the long string of letters easier for him to remember. In doing so, Harry is using effortful processing called: A) chunking. B) maintaining. C) rehearsal. D) retrieval.

Problems remembering newer information caused by competition from older information is called: A) the primacy effect. B) retroactive interference. C) retrograde amnesia. D) proactive interference.

During an English exam, Michelle is working hard at recalling a list of vocabulary words she studied. If her brain was being monitored by a PET scan, it would likely show increased activity in her: A) cerebellum and basal ganglia. B) frontal lobes and hippocampus. C) basal ganglia and medulla. D) hippocampus and occipital lobes.

People diagnosed with _____ tend to have relatively accurate memories of their life events, whereas people diagnosed with _____ tend to have greater memory for negative life events and poorer memory for the positive life events. A) anxiety disorders; depression B) mild neurocognitive disorder; anxiety disorders C) depression; major neurocognitive disorder D) anxiety; dissociative amnesia

Both the primacy effect and the recency effect represent different parts of: A) the associative illusion. B) global amnesia. C) the spacing effect. D) the serial position effect.

Which statement would psychologists agree is the BEST definition of memory? A) Memory involves grouping pieces of information together in a meaningful way. B) Memory is the process of deliberately repeating information to store it in our brains. C) Memory is achieved through effortful and deep processing of information that we encounter. D) Memory is the process of taking in information, saving it over time, and calling it to mind later.

An example of proactive interference is: A) gaining basic skills in sign language but losing them because you don't practice them. B) being so used to a certain style of play in rugby that you cannot learn a new style. C) reading a new book and having trouble remembering the story line from another book. D) learning new plays in basketball and forgetting the old ones.

_____ is the inability to remember how you obtained a particular memory, but not the memory itself. A) Source amnesia B) Retroactive interference C) Anterograde amnesia D) Situation-specific amnesia

Which statement is FALSE about mnemonics? A) They can rely on letters and words, rhythm and rhyme, and visual imagery. B) They are specific techniques or strategies deliberately used to enhance memory. C) They are mental tricks commonly used by successful memory championship competitors. D) They are excellent for short-term memories but ineffective for storing long-term memories.

Which statement is TRUE about memory decay? A) It occurs when newer information causes problems remembering older information. B) It happens most often trying to remember recently learned information. C) Using information in long-term memory lessens chances of decay. D) Once memory enters your long-term memory, it is immune to decay.

A person with PTSD often experiences involuntary memories and relives them in the form of: A) depression. B) flashbacks. C) decay. D) amnesia.

Remembering things that are related to something you saw or heard, even though you did not actually see or hear those particular things, is known as the: A) Moses illusion. B) recency effect. C) labeling effect. D) association illusion.

Which statement is TRUE about flashbulb memories? A) They involve heightened emotional reactions and fade shortly after the emotions subside. B) They are produced as a result of negative, perhaps tragic events, but not positive ones. C) They are often shared by many people who experienced or witnessed the same event. D) They are longer lasting when experienced as personal events rather than with others.

When presented with a series of items, the tendency to remember the first and last items better than the items in the middle is called: A) the recency effect. B) the primacy effect. C) the serial position effect. D) retroactive interference.

A(n) _____ is a distinctly clear and vivid memory of an emotionally charged and novel event. A) mnemonic B) iconic memory C) method of loci D) flashbulb memory

Amnesia is BEST defined as: A) the tendency of misleading information presented after the fact to become incorporated into memory. B) problems remembering older information caused by storing of newer information. C) the inability to remember some or all information, either temporarily or permanently. D) the tendency to remember the first items in a series particularly well.

Which statement would be the MOST likely to be made by a person suffering from retrograde amnesia? A) Last week, I heard a story, but I can't remember who told it. B) I can't remember anything from before the accident. C) Ever since the accident, I can't seem to create new memories. D) I can't remember where I was when I had my first kiss.

At the end of college football season, your buddy says, "I knew Clemson was going to win the national football championship all along. I said it from the start!" You remember otherwise and reply, "Uh, no, for the first couple months of the season, you predicted that Alabama would be national champions!" You are calling your friend out on his: A) orientation illusion. B) hindsight bias. C) motivated forgetting. D) source monitoring error.

Which example MOST reflects a rich false memory? A) Jill forgets to buy an item at the grocery store even though it is clearly on her grocery list, so she goes back to the store but still buys the wrong item. B) Rich tries really hard to remember the name of his first-grade teacher but ends up recalling the name of his third-grade teacher instead. C) Susie remembers elaborate details about having been abused throughout childhood even though this abuse is highly unlikely to have occurred based on the available evidence. D) Peter goes to the store for a friend who tells him he needs chocolate, flour, oil, sprinkles, and honey; Peter doesn't make a list and also buys sugar, even though it wasn't needed.

If you asked a memory researcher for advice on how to improve your memory, which piece of advice would most likely NOT be given to you? A) Multitask while learning to keep your mind busy. B) Engage in deep processing of information. C) Organize your ideas into some kind of structure. D) Use context cues to encode and retrieve information.

A type of retrieval in which stored information is compared to external information to determine if it matches is called _____. A) recognition B) priming C) recall D) relearning

Which statement about research on PET scans and levels of processing is NOT true? A) Deep processing leads to greater memory compared to shallow processing. B) Shallow processing and deep processing appear to be distinct functions. C) Different levels of processing take place in the same areas of the brain. D) The prefrontal cortex is used more during deep processing than in shallow processing.

Although Demonte has performed really well in his chemistry class thus far, he's nervous about his upcoming cumulative final exam because he's not sure how much he remembers from the beginning of the semester. While studying for this exam, though, Demonte finds that it is taking him much less time to understand the material than it did the first time around. Which memory process is Demonte experiencing? A) long-term potentiation B) relearning C) serial position effect D) retroactive interference

Aaron decides to use research findings on spacing effects to his advantage. The next time he studies for a test, it is likely that he will: A) continue to cram in one major session. B) engage in distributed practice over time. C) try to find a large room to study in. D) engage in massed practice of information.

The spacing effect is the tendency to: A) deliberately use a specific technique or strategy to enhance memory. B) have better long-term memory for information when your study attempts are not crammed. C) engage in massed practice of information in order to store it quickly. D) remain in one physical space while studying to produce better long-term memories.

_____ is the process of taking in information, saving it over time, and calling it to mind later. A) Encoding B) Memory C) Rehearsal D) Retrieval

Which statement is FALSE about encoding specificity? A) It explains how if you're in the same place where you learned certain information, you have a better chance of recalling it. B) It is the effect of contextual information present when memory was encoded on retrieval. C) It applies only to physical locations and cues present in that place. D) It is also known as context-dependent memory.

Which question is LEAST likely to be asked by someone who is engaging in deep processing of written text? A) How does it affect my life? B) How many words does it contain? C) What are its most important points? D) How does it relate to information I already know?

Which statement is FALSE about episodic memory? A) It is a type of implicit memory. B) It consists of your personal firsthand experiences. C) It is a type of declarative memory. D) It is your recollection of what happens to you.

Short-term memory features ____ duration and _____ capacity. A) limited; limited B) unlimited; limited C) limited; unlimited D) unlimited; unlimited

Even though she was wearing a helmet, Trista was in an accident while mountain biking and experienced a serious head injury that wiped out her entire memory. Trista is MOST likely suffering from _____ amnesia. A) proactive B) global C) dissociative D) situation-specific

As part of a memory test, Elliot is given a list of words in the following order to remember: rosemary, lavender, flower, thyme, parsley, tomatoes, oregano, dill, basil, vegetables, sage, peppers, nasturtium, mint. If Elliot demonstrates the recency effect, which words would he MOST likely easily recall? A) rosemary, lavender, flower B) rosemary, nasturtium, mint C) peppers, nasturtium, mint D) oregano, dill, basil

Based on memory research, which individual would be MOST likely to provide the most accurate and reliable eyewitness testimony? A) an observant schizophrenic B) an honest, young child C) a calm, rational person D) an elderly adult

According to Ebbinghaus's "forgetting curve," the steepest decline in memory retention occurs within: A) 1 hour. B) 1 day. C) 1 week. D) 1 month.

Which occurrence is an example of recall? A) having trouble remembering someone's name at a meeting, but being able to pick it out from a list on the agenda B) going to a restaurant and at first being unable to remember the name of your favorite dish, but then remembering after you see it on the menu C) someone asking you the name of your kindergarten teacher, and then your being able to respond after briefly thinking about it D) needing to make an appointment for your pet, but having to Google "local veterinarians" to retrieve the name of the vet's office

Acronyms are mnemonic devices that rely on associating information with _____, whereas _____ is a mnemonic that relies on associating information with visual imagery. A) a catchy song; the peg word method B) letters and words; the method of loci C) rhythm and rhyme; the peg word method D) a series already committed to memory; iconic memory

A person engaging in maintenance rehearsal to remember a phone number would: A) repeat the number over and over again either out loud or quietly. B) immediately write the number down so as to not forget it. C) think about the significance of each digit in the phone number. D) create a jingle or song out of the numbers to make it memorable.

Multitasking ability has been found to be heavily dependent upon: A) working memory capacity. B) intelligence. C) automatic processing. D) encoding specificity.

Oftentimes, American adults can barely recall what they were doing at a certain time even just a week ago. However, they can clearly recall details of the moment when they first heard about 9/11, which happened almost two decades ago. Which statement BEST explains this phenomenon? A) 9/11 can be considered a society-wide flashbulb memory. B) People tend to mentally rehearse tragic events like 9/11. C) Individuals are primed to think of 9/11 on a regular basis. D) Information related to tragic events is stored as implicit memory.

Which occurrence is NOT an example of recall? A) having trouble remembering someone's name after an event, but being able to pick it out from the guest list B) when asked, being able to tell someone the name of the burger joint you used to frequent while living in another city several years ago C) struggling a bit to remember your home address from childhood, but being able to produce it after a few moments of thinking D) telling someone your business phone number without having to look it up

As you and your mom are thinking about checking out a new release at the theater, she asks, "Out of curiosity, how many times have you gone to the movies over the past 5 years?" You probably hadn't counted and kept track of the exact number of times but reply that you go maybe a handful of times a year. Your ability to provide at least an approximation is MOSTLY due to your _____ of the frequency of events. A) automatic encoding B) priming C) effortful processing D) elaborative rehearsal

A(n) _____ is a specific technique or strategy deliberately used to enhanced memory. A) mnemonic B) iconic memory C) labeling effect D) flashbulb memory

Which statement is FALSE about long-term depression as it relates to the biological basis of memory? A) It may be the basis of forgetting. B) It can be functional when applied to unimportant information. C) It occurs mostly when people experience long periods of sadness. D) It is the opposite of long-term potentiation.

You get up from your study room to get something from the kitchen. Once you get to the kitchen, you can't seem to remember what you were going to get. Frustrated, you give up and head back to study. As soon as you enter your study room, you suddenly remember what you were going to get from the kitchen! Which concept BEST explains what you just experienced? A) retroactive interference B) context-dependent learning C) rich false memory D) involuntary memory

As Janna is studying for a test, she carefully reviews the textbook and her notes from class, and does so several times. At the time of the test, however, she is unable to pull the information out from her memory, which indicates a problem with which step of the memory process? A) storage B) retrieval C) encoding D) rehearsal

Retrieval is best reflected by: A) noticing the people walking past you on the sidewalk. B) recalling your Halloween costume from the fifth grade. C) going back to the store to buy another item for your recipe. D) repeating a phone number so you don't forget it.

Short-term memory and long-term memory are two basic types of: A) processing. B) storage. C) encoding. D) retrieval.

George drives a stick-shift vehicle, but one day has to borrow his friend's car that is an automatic. Even though he knows it has an automatic transmission, George still finds himself reaching for the clutch to switch gears for at least the first hour of driving his friend's car. George's difficulty reflects: A) the recency effect. B) the primacy effect. C) proactive interference. D) retroactive interference.

Which concept is LEAST related to retrieval? A) recognition B) priming C) rehearsal D) encoding specificity

Echoic memory is BEST described as: A) your visual sensory memory over the past fraction of a second. B) all the information your ears take in during the past few seconds. C) information repeatedly shown to you. D) the earliest part of the memory process.

Storage is much like: A) sending a snapchat to a friend. B) searching for a contact on your phone. C) saving a person's phone number. D) deleting an app from your phone.

Which statement is TRUE about memory storage? It is: A) the third and final step of the three basic steps of memory. B) the taking in and processing of information. C) the first of the three fundamental memory steps. D) what happens to information between encoding and retrieval.

Which statement is FALSE about memory excellence? A) There are rare cases of people being able to memorize thousands of books word for word. B) Memory excellence is something you can train yourself to have. C) Some people are born with the ability to remember nearly everything. D) A strong memory depends entirely on inborn abilities.

_____ memory features limited duration and limited capacity. A) Flashbulb B) Short-term C) Explicit D) Long-term

Which of the following BEST exemplifies echoic memory? A) the way you can remember TV commercials from your childhood. B) your brief memory for the color of the bird that just flew by your window. C) the memory you have about your first study-abroad trip to a foreign country. D) your brief sensory memory for the sound of your dog barking at a stranger.

Long-term potentiation is defined as: A) a seemingly limitless amount of information being held for extensive periods of time. B) the decrease in the connectivity between neurons in the brain that correlates with memory fading. C) a limited amount of new information being held briefly but which has the potential to be encoded into long-term memory D) the increased connectivity between simultaneously stimulated neurons that forms the biological basis of memory.

Which activity relies mostly on procedural memory? A) riding a bicycle B) conducting a research study C) remembering an anniversary D) winning a game of trivia

The best way to prevent decay of long-term memories would be to: A) not worry or stress over them. B) leave them untouched for long periods of time. C) refresh those memories every once in a while. D) focus on learning new things to keep your mind sharp.

The misinformation effect is the tendency: A) to remember your initial predictions incorrectly after the outcome has been determined. B) to not remember the source of a particular memory, while being able to remember the memory itself. C) of the presentation of false post-event information to become mistakenly incorporated into memory. D) to remember the items presented at the beginning and end of a series particularly well.

The inability to form new memories after a certain point in time is known as _____, whereas the inability to retrieve information that took place before a certain point in time is called _____. A) anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia B) retroactive interference; proactive interference C) dissociative amnesia; source amnesia D) global amnesia; situation-specific amnesia

Which statement is TRUE about explicit memory? A) It is memory of which you are consciously aware. B) It is also known as nondeclarative memory. C) Much of it is procedural in nature. D) It is your recollection of "how" rather than "what."

The type of influence on retrieval where recent experiences increase the likelihood of recalling certain memories is known as: A) chunking. B) decay. C) interference. D) priming.

A person exhibiting source amnesia would MOST likely say: A) "Today's conference had such a packed agenda that I can hardly recall what the presenters announced about school changes." B) "My mom told me about some upcoming changes in school policy, but I'll have to ask her about them again." C) "I read something in the school newspaper today but can't remember the details." D) "I know of some big changes that are about to occur at our college, but I can't remember where I heard it all from."

The _____ is the tendency of false or misleading information presented after the fact to become mistakenly incorporated into memory. A) recency effect B) misinformation effect C) serial position effect D) orientation illusion

A retrieval cue is BEST described as: A) a reminder that facilitates retrieval of information from memory. B) the spontaneous recall of information without any intention to retrieve it. C) a memory that you can declare to another person as factual. D) a distinctively clear memory of an emotionally charged event.

Retrograde amnesia relates to the inability to _____, whereas anterograde amnesia relates to the inability to _____. A) retain implicit memories; retain explicit memories B) form new memories; retrieve old memories C) retrieve old memories; form new memories D) retrieve stressful memories; form procedural memories

Which statement about iconic memory is FALSE? A) It is the visual information retrieved from long-term memory. B) It is all the information taken in by your eyes during the previous fraction of a second. C) It is a very temporary holding area for incoming visual information. D) It is visual sensory memory.

James was playing flag football, but got tackled pretty badly. His teammates report having seen his head hit the ground hard. James's inability to remember anything that happened to him during the 3 weeks leading up to his head injury is MOST likely a form of _____ amnesia. A) situation-specific B) retrograde C) dissociative D) anterograde

Contestants on the game show Jeopardy! are most successful when they have a strong memory for facts, figures, and other general information. In other words, the contestants with the strongest _____ memory tend to be the most successful. A) semantic B) procedural C) episodic D) implicit

People with schizophrenia typically show considerably low levels of _____ memory but normal levels of _____ memory. A) procedural; semantic B) semantic; episodic C) implicit; explicit D) episodic; procedural

As a teenager, Valencia's family lost their entire home when their town was struck by a massive earthquake. It was a terrifying and devastating experience, but they managed to rebuild their lives after a few years. Valencia was not physically injured, but to this day she cannot recall any details of the natural disaster when it occurred. Valencia appears to be experiencing _____ amnesia. A) dissociative B) global C) anterograde D) source

Bethany read an article online about tips for improving memory, one of which was exercise. Intrigued, she started working out at the gym on a more regular basis and actually started to notice an improvement in her ability to remember information at school and at work. Bethany's result is consistent with research demonstrating that physical exercise helps: A) long-term potentiation. B) sensory memory. C) proactive interference. D) automatic processing.

Encoding specificity is most related to which concept? A) state-dependent learning B) priming C) explicit memory D) relearning

Based on findings from memory research, which student would you expect to MOST likely deliver the highest performance on an exam? A) the student who learns and studies via distributed practice B) the student who learns and studies via massed practice C) the student who consciously decides to cram prior to the exam D) the student who initially forgot about the test, but becomes motivated to cram

Based on our understanding of levels of processing, _____ processing tends to lead to rather speedy forgetting, whereas _____ processing tends to lead to longer-lasting memories. A) intermediate; shallow B) shallow; deep C) iconic; echoic D) meaningful; superficial

The fading or loss of information from memory due to the passage of time is called: A) interference. B) decay. C) spacing. D) amnesia.

_____ involves many repetitions or short training sessions spread out over time, whereas _____ involves fewer but longer training sessions. A) Spacing; distributed practice B) Maintenance rehearsal; spacing C) Distributed practice; massed practice D) Relearning; spacing

"What are three states that border Colorado?" If this question were presented on a test with just three blanks for you to fill in, what type of retrieval would you have to rely on? A) recognition B) recall C) priming D) automatic encoding

Susan has been diagnosed with depression. She is presented with this long list of words: happy, sad, gloomy, sunny, bright, tearful, joyful, sorrow, radiant, dismal, buoyant, melancholy, heartbroken, and glee. According to research findings on depression and memory, which word is Susan LEAST likely to recall? A) dismal B) gloomy C) heartbroken D) sunny

In the information processing model, _____ is about holding onto information, whereas _____ is about getting information into our minds. A) retrieval; storage B) processing; encoding C) storage; encoding D) rehearsal; processing

Klaus is of European descent. Waiyin is of Asian descent. According to research on cultural influences on memory, which statement would Klaus be MORE likely than Waiyin to make when telling a story about the time their soccer team won the national championship? A) The fans were at the edge of their seats when the match was close at half-time, but they stuck with us and were thrilled to support the winning team! B) The moment the winning goal was scored, the coaches and players all jumped with joy and excitement! C) I was worried at first when we were behind at halftime, but I was so excited and very proud of our victory in the end! D) There were so many of our fans in the stadium and they were all incredibly happy for our victory!

____ memory consists of facts, figures, and other general information about the world, whereas _____ memory consists of personal information about oneself and firsthand experiences. A) Implicit; explicit B) Declarative; nondeclarative C) Semantic; episodic D) Episodic; semantic

Vance has just learned some new material for an electrical engineering class he is taking. Based on memory research, what is the BEST advice for him to take in order to remember this new information? A) Get a good night's rest. B) Study material for another class. C) Work harder and pull an all-nighter. D) Next time, take a nap before you study.

_____ is correlated with enhanced memory, whereas _____ is correlated with forgetting. A) Long-term potentiation; long-term depression B) Decreased neural connectivity; increased neural connectivity C) Maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal D) Shallow processing; deep processing

Some early memory research found that most of us can hold seven plus or minus two items of information in our short-term memory. This concept is known as the: A) primacy effect. B) forgetting curve. C) recency effect. D) magic number.

Sonya lives in New York City and experienced the events of 9/11 firsthand. Even before 9/11, Sonya had a diagnosis of PTSD. Research suggests that compared to others who had no prior history of PTSD, Sonya will: A) be primed to better encode, store, and retrieve more accurate memories of the events of 9/11. B) remember the events of 9/11 in a less accurate and more emotionally upsetting way. C) be more resilient to the traumatizing nature of the events of 9/11. D) experience fewer flashbacks and involuntary memories related to events of 9/11.

Learning the order of the musical notes on a scale by memorizing the sentence "Every good boy deserves fudge" reflects a variation on which type of mnemonic? A) peg word method B) context cues C) acronym D) method of loci

The capacity of long-term memory is assumed by most experts to: A) depend entirely on one's age. B) depend on one's gender. C) be finite like a computer memory storage device. D) be limitless.

The misinformation effect suggests that: A) human memory is often reconstructed. B) our memories are much like camera recordings. C) honest people have accurate memories. D) elderly adults provide the most accurate eyewitness testimonies.

A deep level of processing is BEST reflected by: A) noticing the chirping of a fire alarm. B) saying the name of a store. C) appreciating the meaning of a song. D) paying attention to the color of someone's shirt.

Encoding is defined as: A) grouping pieces of information together in a meaningful way. B) adding meaning to information to enhance meaning. C) entering information into memory. D) retaining information in memory.

Which statement is FALSE about memory decay? A) It is the process by which time erodes memory. B) It happens most often when information is not used. C) Once memory enters your long-term memory, it is immune to decay. D) Using information in long-term memory lessens chances of decay.

Tom is instructed to say the word "silk" five times out loud. He is then asked to name the first beverage that comes to mind. His greater likelihood of replying "milk" than someone who was not first instructed to repeat the word "silk" reflects the influence of: A) recognition. B) priming. C) interference. D) mnemonics.

Which is NOT an example of episodic memory? A) what you ate during your first dinner date B) how you type a paper on the computer C) the title of the last book you read for pleasure D) how many times you've traveled overseas

Explicit memory is defined as: A) memory of which you are not consciously aware. B) your recollection of how to do things. C) memory of which you are consciously aware. D) memory that has been lost due to the passage of time.

In class, you are given a relatively long list of words-SUGAR, CAKE, TART, PIE, CHOCOLATE, EAT, and DESSERT-to remember. At the time of recall, more than half of your fellow students recall the word SWEET even though the word SWEET was never presented. Which type of memory mistake does this reflect? A) labeling effect B) rich false memory C) hindsight bias D) association illusion

Which statement is FALSE about maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal? A) Maintenance rehearsal involves deep processing, whereas elaborative rehearsal involves shallow processing. B) Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information in the same form as it was originally encoded. C) Elaborative rehearsal involves adding meaning or associations to information. D) Elaborative rehearsal can help enhance memory a lot more than maintenance rehearsal.

Thaïs spends a semester abroad in Japan immersing herself in the culture and taking intensive language classes. By the end of her trip, she is proud of her proficiency in Japanese and is eager to continue practicing her Japanese conversation skills. However, a few years after returning to the United States and not having been around anyone who speaks Japanese, Thaïs unfortunately can barely remember any of the Japanese she previously learned. Her experience MOST reflects the process psychologists refer to as: A) retroactive amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) pseudoforgetting. D) memory decay.

Iconic memory is to _____ as echoic memory is to _____. A) short-term memory; long-term memory B) visual sensory memory; auditory sensory memory C) working memory; short-term memory D) auditory sensory memory; visual sensory memory

Based on terminology used by memory researchers, a person experiencing long-term depression would MOST likely show signs of: A) hopelessness. B) forgetting. C) extreme sadness. D) memory enhancement.

As Maria rides on the bus and looks out the window, her iconic memory takes in all the _____ as her echoic memory takes in all the _____. A) sights; sounds B) smells; sights C) sounds; smells D) sounds; sights

Based on findings from research that has been conducted on the serial position effect and food preferences, if you were competing against 25 people in a food taste-test contest, you would ideally want your dish to be: A) the first one tasted by the judges. B) one of the middle dishes tasted by the judges. C) the last one tasted by the judges. D) selected in random order to be tasted because the order doesn't matter.

Which statement about human memory is TRUE? A) Memory is essential to human life, our identities, and everyday functioning. B) Memory is completely separate from personality. C) Memory allows us to recall every important event in our lives. D) Memory is limited to filing away facts about our everyday lives.

Which statement related to culture and memory is FALSE? A) Culture can affect how you remember events. B) People in collectivistic cultures will tend to recall more memories about themselves than people in individualistic cultures. C) Language can influence which types of events you tend to recall. D) Compared to Asian counterparts, Americans will be less likely to focus on and recall events that involve social interaction.

Which statement is FALSE about explicit memory? A) It is also known as declarative memory. B) Much of it is procedural memory. C) There are two basic types: semantic memory and episodic memory. D) It is memory of which you are consciously aware.

Explicit memory is to _____ memory as implicit memory is to _____ memory. A) procedural; nonprocedural B) declarative; nondeclarative C) semantic; declarative D) nondeclarative; procedural

Interference is the process by which: A) people forget information because of competition from other information. B) forgetting occurs due to the inevitable passage of time. C) information is committed to memory for a second time after it's been forgotten. D) forgetting is due to ineffective, superficial encoding.

You are taking both a Spanish and a French course this summer. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you begin to realize that the French words are disrupting your memory for the Spanish vocabulary words you studied previously. This is an example of: A) source monitoring errors. B) the spacing effect. C) proactive interference. D) retroactive interference.

A group of researchers found that participants were more likely to correctly recognize a particular person in a photo and say the name of actor Brad Pitt when they had previously been asked a question about the inner part of a cherry or plum (i.e., pit), compared to those participants who were asked a question about something unrelated to his name. These research findings suggest that _____ can increase the likelihood of recalling certain memories. A) priming B) chunking C) mnemonics D) relearning

Which statement BEST explains why the spacing effect makes sense for improving test performance? A) Shallow processing from distributed practice results in less likelihood of confusion for the learner. B) Cramming helps people with high levels of intelligence and motivation to stay focused. C) People engaging in massed practice often predict higher levels of performance on tests. D) Information learned through repeated exposures spread out over time allows for deeper processing to occur.

_____ are reminders that facilitate your ability to pull information out of memory. A) Orientation illusions B) Retrieval cues C) Association illusions D) Spacing effects

If you're trying to help fellow students take advantage of the serial position effect in order to perform better on tests, what advice should you give them? A) Study hard for long periods at a time. B) Repeat all the material aloud multiple times. C) Take frequent study breaks. D) Underline important information.

Research has found that on the widely broadcasted singing competition American Idol, contestants who perform later in the show are more likely to receive enough votes to make it to the next week. This finding may BEST be explained by the: A) primacy effect. B) spacing effect. C) recency effect. D) misinformation effect.

Steve is the head coach of a rugby team. At the very beginning of the season, he spends a lot of time teaching his team about the rules of the game. As the season progresses, he spends most of his time helping his players learn new skills and practice them. The players on Steve's team first improve their _____ memory about rugby, and then they work on improving their _____ memory on the field. A) semantic; episodic B) procedural; explicit C) episodic; semantic D) semantic; procedural

Your friend Lydia tells you the phone number of a nearby restaurant. You're easily able to remember the 7-digit number long enough to enter it into your phone and call. However, for a restaurant that is out of state, she gives you the number with area code, and you have trouble remembering it and making the call. Your inability to remember the 10-digit phone number is an example of: A) the serial position effect. B) long-term potentiation C) the magic number. D) chunking.

In a classic research study, two groups of participants watched the same video of a car accident where two cars collided. One group was asked to describe the scene of the accident after the two cars bumped into each other, while the other group was asked to describe the scene of the accident after the two cars smashed into each other. Researchers found that compared to the other group, the group asked about the cars smashing into each other tended to recall seeing broken glass, when in fact there was no broken glass. These results are BEST explained by: A) anterograde amnesia. B) the misinformation effect. C) source amnesia. D) the hindsight bias.

You are starting a new business that connects customers with the highest-quality fresh produce grown on local farms. Instead of leaving it up to the phone company, you request a phone number that translates to 1-800-VEGGIES. Your request BEST reflects an understanding of the importance of both the _____ and _____ when it comes to people's memory capacity. A) recency effect; what encoding entails B) magic number; how information is chunked C) serial position effect; how working memory functions D) forgetting curve; what automatic processing requires

Eve has schizophrenia. Statistically speaking, she is more likely to remember _____ than _____. A) events in her life; skills she once learned B) how to do things; what she did C) book knowledge; her personal history D) her childhood; how to do things

Which of the following is NOT commonly identified by psychologists as a type of memory mistake related to the misinformation effect? A) primacy effect B) orientation illusion C) Moses illusion D) labeling effect

Which activity does NOT rely on procedural memory? A) riding a bike B) driving a car C) reciting a poem D) brushing your teeth

Fill-in-the-blank test questions can sometimes be challenging for students because these types of questions require students to _____ information. A) store B) encode C) recognize D) recall

Entering information into memory is referred to as: A) chunking. B) storage. C) elaboration. D) encoding.

Sometimes information can enter into our long-term memory without any conscious processing. This is known as _____ processing. A) shallow B) deep C) automatic D) effortful

Typically, people who have been diagnosed with the psychological disorder known as ____ tend to experience heightened levels of involuntary memory. A) PTSD B) anxiety C) depression D) dissociative amnesia

Throughout most of his life, Bennie did not have a particularly strong memory. One day, though, he saw a YouTube video about the International Memory Championship and was intrigued by the amount of random information that people could memorize. Bennie signed up for an online course in memory enhancement techniques and began training. A year later, he entered a memory competition and won. Bennie's experience demonstrates that: A) an extremely strong memory depends entirely on inborn ability. B) memory excellence and memory impairment must coexist in individuals. C) you can train yourself to excel in memory. D) memory achievement has nothing to do with inborn abilities.

All of these students' behaviors show they are taking advantage of the idea of encoding specificity EXCEPT: A) Harry, who typically goes to bed early but stays up late to study the night before the exam. B) Brennon, who smiles and puts himself in a good mood before studying and before testing. C) Joel, who decides to chew a particular kind of gum while he is studying and during the test. D) Alex, who is studying in the same lecture hall where he will be taking his exam.

Which concept is MOST related to retrieval? A) maintenance rehearsal B) recognition C) chunking D) interference

A model of memory that involves the three steps of encoding, storage, and retrieval is the _____ model. A) information processing B) level of processing C) working memory D) effortful rehearsal

_____ explains how information present at the time of memory encoding can serve as an effective cue at the time of retrieval. A) Proactive interference B) Priming C) Encoding specificity D) Relearning

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to: A) retrieve information that took place prior to a certain point in time. B) remember how you obtained a particular memory. C) form new memories after a certain point in time. D) recall anything related to a particularly traumatic event.

You pay attention in class and enjoy learning. In fact, you find the lectures rather enjoyable, but since everything the professor teaches seems to make complete sense to you while in class, you question the necessity of studying outside of class. You don't study for the first test and are disappointed with your very low grade. Which statement about Ebbinghaus's "forgetting curve" BEST explains your experience? A) Short-term memory slowly and gradually fades over the course of time. B) The steepest decline in retention of information occurs within the first hour. C) An initial steep decline in retention of information occurs only if the presented information is confusing. D) Retention of information initially remains high over several days followed by a steep decline after 30 days.

Problems remembering older information caused by the introduction of newer information is called: A) the recency effect. B) retroactive interference. C) anterograde amnesia. D) proactive interference.

When a person has PTSD, involuntary memories can be triggered by: A) internal cues like feelings or thoughts. B) external cues like sights, sounds, or smells. C) both internal and external cues. D) neither internal nor external cues.

Which occurrence is an example of recognition? A) having trouble remembering someone's name after an event, but being able to pick it out from the guest list B) when asked, being able to tell someone the name of the burger joint you used to frequent while living in another city several years ago C) struggling a bit to remember your home address from childhood, but being able to produce it after a few moments of thinking D) telling someone your business phone number without having to look it up

Auditory sensory memory is known as _____ memory. A) iconic B) short-term C) working D) echoic

An example of explicit memory is: A) the way you naturally blink when sneezing. B) how you can drive a car without much thought. C) factual knowledge you have learned in classes. D) your ability to type on a computer.

As a treatment for depression, what advice would a memory researcher be MOST likely to provide? A) deliberately focus on positive memories B) downplay your uplifting experiences C) ruminate about unfortunate past events D) avoid dwelling on your positive emotions

A class of fifth-graders in Virginia just finished learning all the states and capitals in the United States. If the question "What is the capital of South Carolina?" were presented on a test, followed by answer options (a) Bismarck, (b) Pierre, (c) Raleigh, and (d) Columbia, what type of retrieval would MOST of the children have to rely on to answer this kind of question? A) recognition B) recall C) priming D) automatic encoding

Susie is trying to learn the order of the stops on the train line from her house to work. Instead of simply repeating the names of each stop over and over again, she thinks about landmarks that are present at each stop and also her own experiences visiting places at the stops. Susie's memory is likely to be enhanced due to her use of: A) chunking. B) sensory memory. C) elaborative rehearsal. D) maintenance rehearsal.

Priming is where: A) recent experiences increase the likelihood of certain memories being recalled. B) specific techniques are used to deliberately enhance memory. C) long-term memories are enhanced because of distributed practice. D) consolidation of memory occurs due to increased sleep.

"To remember the Big Five personality factors, just remember the word OCEAN." In giving this advice to students, psychology professors demonstrate their belief in _____ to improve memory. A) using context cues B) deep processing C) using mnemonics D) multitasking

Which statement is FALSE about working memory? A) It serves as a holding cell for information passively waiting to be processed or forgotten. B) It is crucial to learning and academic performance. C) It is a type of memory in which processing is done on briefly held information. D) It operates during almost all of your waking hours.

Memory outside of conscious awareness is known as _____ memory. A) explicit B) declarative C) implicit D) flashbulb

Two students are given the number 75982 to remember. Tommy repeats the number over and over, whereas Joel thinks about the significance of each part of that number to add some kind of meaning to it. Tommy is engaging in _____ while Joel is engaging in _____. A) chunking; long-term potentiation B) long-term potentiation; chunking C) maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal D) elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal

Jeff spends several hours one morning studying biology and then studies chemistry for the rest of the day. If Jeff were to experience retroactive interference, he would likely: A) remember a lot more of the biology while having difficulty recalling parts of the chemistry he studied. B) remember a lot more of the chemistry while having difficulty recalling parts of the biology he studied. C) have equal recall for both the biology and chemistry material. D) experience overload and have difficulty recalling both the biology and chemistry.

Which statement is TRUE about research on the extremes of memory impairment and memory excellence? A) Research has found that memory impairment is due primarily to Alzheimer's disease. B) Much of the research that psychologists conduct on memory falls between the two extremes. C) Research reveals that memory excellence depends primarily on inborn ability. D) Memory impairment and memory excellence are the primary focal points of memory research.

Natalia is a native English speaker trying to learn a few Spanish phrases in preparation for an upcoming vacation. What advice should Natalia follow to BEST commit these phrases to long-term memory? A) Gain understanding and appreciation for what the words mean. B) Focus very carefully on the sounds and pronunciation of the words. C) Repeat the phrases slowly word for word. D) Practice saying the words with a friend.

Memory of which you are consciously aware is known as _____ memory. A) explicit B) procedural C) implicit D) flashbulb

Billy is far better at multitasking than Bob. Based on memory research, which statement is MOST likely to be true? A) Billy is more intelligent than Bob. B) Billy engages in automatic processing more than Bob does. C) Billy has greater working memory capacity than does Bob. D) Billy utilizes retrieval cues better than Bob does.

The BEST definition of mnemonic is: A) the inability to retrieve information that took place before a certain time. B) the tendency to have better memory for information that is deeply processed. C) a specific technique or strategy deliberately used to enhance memory. D) a vivid memory of an emotionally powerful event.

Emma is approached by a sales rep in a clothing store who first introduces himself and then immediately shares a lot of information about a new fashion line. According to research findings about short-term memory, it is MOST likely that 30 seconds after walking away, Emma will: A) be able to remember the entire sales pitch verbatim. B) recall the sales rep's name but none of the rest of the sales pitch. C) forget that the encounter ever occurred. D) be unable to recall the sales rep's name and some of the sales pitch details.

Episodic memory is MOST like your: A) common sense. B) book smarts. C) autobiography. D) encyclopedia.

You enter a restaurant for the first time and notice the arrangement of the tables, the friendliness of the waitstaff, and the general ambience of the place. As you take in the information around you, you are engaging in the first step of the memory process known as: A) retrieving. B) encoding. C) elaborating. D) storing.

The inability to retrieve information that took place prior to a certain point in time is called: A) misinformation. B) proactive interference. C) anterograde amnesia. D) retrograde amnesia.

The increased connectivity between simultaneously stimulated neurons that forms the biological basis of memory is called: A) short-term memory. B) long-term potentiation. C) working memory. D) long-term memory.

Declarative memory is to _____ memory as nondeclarative memory is to _____ memory. A) flashbulb; working B) procedural; nonprocedural C) semantic; episodic D) explicit; implicit

Which statement is FALSE about the relationship between PTSD and memory? A) People with PTSD can be described as typically remembering too much, too often. B) Most people who experience trauma will inevitably experience PTSD. C) Involuntary memories commonly occur for days or weeks after a traumatic event, but fade over time. D) PTSD may predispose people to experience involuntary memories of additional negative events they encounter.

Procedural memory is a type of _____ memory. A) flashbulb B) implicit C) declarative D) explicit

The likelihood that information moves past sensory memory and becomes encoded, stored in long-term memory, and retrieved depends MOSTLY upon its: A) long-term potentiation. B) conscious processing. C) retroactive interference. D) level of processing.

Which is NOT a type of effortful processing? A) maintenance rehearsal B) priming C) chunking D) elaborative rehearsal

_____ is defined as pulling information out of memory. A) Retrieval B) Encoding C) Storing D) Priming

An example of retroactive interference is: A) calling your current significant other by your ex's name. B) forgetting how to do a calculus problem because you haven't done one in a long time. C) learning a new song and forgetting lyrics to a song you previously knew. D) moving to a new house but driving to your old house out of habit.

Eli was in a serious car accident and fell into a coma for a few days. When he woke up, he was able to remember his childhood, his family, and other personal information about himself. However, he was never again able to remember new conversations he just had, nor remember people he just met or even what he just ate for his last meal. Eli is MOST likely suffering from _____ amnesia. A) anterograde B) situation-specific C) retrograde D) global

Recall is a type of retrieval in which stored information is: A) compared to external information to determine if it matches. B) entered into long-term memory without any conscious processing. C) increased by the presentation of contextual information. D) accessed without any comparison to external information.

As you watch a movie, you find yourself relating the scenes to your own life, considering the deeper connections in the story line, and thinking ahead about possible twists in the plot. Which type of memory is MOST responsible for this occurrence? A) sensory memory B) working memory C) long-term memory D) distracted memory

Encoding specificity is BEST defined as: A) the tendency of false information presented after the fact to become mistakenly incorporated into memory. B) the dwindling of specific information from memory due to the passage of time. C) recent experiences causing an increased likelihood of recalling certain memories. D) the effect of contextual information present when memory was encoded on retrieval.

When amnesia occurs due to psychological trauma as opposed to a physical cause, it is called _____ amnesia. A) dissociative B) retrograde C) anterograde D) source

The process of committing information to memory for a second time after it has been forgotten is called: A) interference. B) elaboration. C) long-term potentiation. D) relearning.

Which statement is FALSE about retrieval? A) It is the third and final step of the basic steps of memory. B) Recall and recognition are two kinds of retrieval. C) It involves pulling information out of memory. D) It is the passage through short-term memory into long-term memory

Which statement is FALSE about amnesia? A) People with amnesia often lose explicit memory while retaining implicit memory. B) Amnesia can be temporary or permanent. C) Amnesia is the inability to remember some or all information. D) Most cases of amnesia occur as a result of psychological trauma.

Compared to massed practice, a person familiar with memory research would expect distributed practice to be a(n) ____ method of learning and remembering information long term. A) shorter but more intense B) equally effective C) less effective D) more effective

An example of iconic memory is your: A) brief memory for the color of the car you just drove past. B) long-term memory for the name of your best friend from childhood. C) memory of the neighborhood where you grew up. D) sensory memory for the sound of your phone's ringtone.

At your 20th high school reunion, a group of your friends asks you if you remember a former classmate named Mike Parks. The name doesn't ring a bell, but as your friends begin to tell funny stories about the kind of things Mike used to do at school, you suddenly remember who he was. Your friends' stories of Mike served as a(n) _____ that prompted you to remember. A) flashbulb memory B) recency effect C) retrieval cue D) association illusion

Which is NOT a type of mnemonic? A) method of loci B) distributed practice C) acronym D) peg word method

Sensory memory that is taken in by your eyes is called _____, whereas sensory memory taken in by your ears is called _____. A) echoic memory; iconic memory B) short-term memory; working memory C) working memory; short-term memory D) iconic memory; echoic memory

David is given a list of 20 items to remember. According to Miller's (1956) "magic number" of memory capacity, what will David MOST likely remember? A) the first few items on the list B) between 5 and 9 of the items C) more than 10 of the items D) the last few items on the list

"There is a picture of George Washington on the quarter. In which direction does he face?" When asked this question, people often remember incorrectly. Which type of memory mistake does this reflect? A) Moses illusion B) rich false memory C) orientation illusion D) association illusion

A person who experiences an emotionally charged event and is particularly aroused by it is more likely to store that event as a(n) _____ than someone who is not sufficiently moved by it. A) orientation illusion B) method of loci C) echoic memory D) flashbulb memory

Ilana has been diagnosed with depression. Based on results from numerous studies, without treatment or intervention, Ilana's memories would tend to reflect: A) a concerted effort to focus on positive events. B) accurate recall of both positive and negative events. C) her negative emotions and unfortunate experiences. D) high ability to recall verbal but not visual information.

The tendency to have better long-term memory for information when you learn it through consistent, repeated exposures spread out over time is known as: A) the primacy effect. B) massed practice. C) encoding specificity. D) the spacing effect.

According to the information processing model, the three steps of memory occur in this order: A) encoding → retrieval → storage B) storage → retrieval → acquisition C) encoding → storage → retrieval D) acquisition → encoding → retrieval

Which occurrence is NOT an example of recognition? A) having trouble remembering someone's name at a meeting, but being able to pick it out from a list on the agenda B) going to a restaurant and at first being unable to remember the name of your favorite dish, but then remembering after you see it on the menu C) someone asking you the name of your kindergarten teacher, and then your being able to respond after briefly thinking about it D) needing to make an appointment for your pet, but having to Google "local veterinarians" to retrieve the name of the vet's office

Human memory appears to be rather fallible, and psychologists have identified a number of common memory mistakes. Describe three such mistakes based on the misinformation effect and provide examples of each from your own personal experience.

Describe the information processing model and provide a real-life example for each of the three steps.

Differentiate between retroactive interference and proactive interference. Provide an example of each as it relates to your own personal life.

Given the research on the misinformation effect, discuss which populations may be particularly prone to making memory errors and thus cause concern when they serve as eyewitnesses in a courtroom trial.

Compare and contrast explicit versus implicit memory. Also compare and contrast the two types of explicit memory (semantic versus episodic). Provide real-life examples of each subtype of memory.

Arelis was in a terrible head-on car accident that caused her to be in a coma for several weeks, followed by disfigurement, a tremendous amount of physical pain, and guilt over the death of the other driver. After this traumatic event, she is diagnosed with PTSD. What types of memory and symptoms likely led to Arelis's diagnosis? How is her diagnosis likely affecting her daily life, and how might it affect her upon exposure to future traumatic events?

Research has found that culture tends to have a relatively strong influence on one's memory. Describe three examples where differences in cultural background (e.g., individualistic versus collectivistic) have been found in research to play a role in memory.

Define memory and discuss how it relates to identity. Provide three examples of how memory affects your day-to-day functioning and/or overall identity.

Your roommate is trying to perform better on his tests at school. You notice that he tends to cram the night before each test. Based on the serial position effect and the spacing effect, what advice would you give your roommate to help improve his study habits? Be sure to describe the various components of these effects and how they inform your advice.

Describe the ways in which human memory resembles that of a computer. Also, in what ways does human memory differ from how a computer stores and processes information?

Compare and contrast shallow processing versus deep processing. Imagine yourself given the task of memorizing a list of 40 words. Describe the types of questions you would consider about the words if you were processing them at a shallow versus deep level. Also discuss which level of processing would lead to better recall later and why.

Discuss the often-overlooked influence of sleep on memory. What do researchers believe are the two primary functions related to memory that sleep serves? If a friend of yours is debating whether to pull an all-nighter before a test, what advice might you provide, given the research findings on sleep and memory?

Imagine that a person gets into a skiing accident, sustains a head injury, and loses memory. Describe amnesia and discuss what symptoms this person would likely experience if he/she were to suffer from retrograde amnesia versus anterograde amnesia.

Compare and contrast maintenance rehearsal versus elaborative rehearsal. Provide an example of each and discuss which type of rehearsal leads to longer-lasting memories and why.

There is a common saying, "Use it or lose it." How does this saying relate to the concept of memory decay? How might decay be prevented from occurring in sensory, short-term, and long-term memory?

Sally is diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Discuss the ways in which Sally's memory is most likely affected by this disorder. Compare and contrast Sally's experiences with those of Tilda, who is diagnosed with depression.