Quiz 6: Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Which of the following scenarios would be best suited for descriptive research? A) providing positive feedback to one group of students and negative feedback to another group of students to observe their subsequent behaviors B) conducting home visit observations and in-depth parent interviews to determine why certain behavior problems exist for students C) dividing students in classrooms based on their IQ and then implementing a certain teaching style D) interviewing teachers regarding problem behaviors in their classrooms

Developing a research question to determine what a person feels, thinks, or does would be best suited for: A) descriptive research. B) experimental research. C) correlational research. D) quasi-experimental research.

Developing a research question to explore why a person feels, thinks, or behaves in a particular way is best addressed by: A) descriptive research. B) experimental research. C) correlational research. D) observational research.

Gershoff and colleagues (2010) found that: A) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to less anxiety. B) the implementation of time-out was significantly related to less anxiety. C) the expression of disappointment was not significantly related to child aggression. D) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to greater anxiety.

The deliberate infliction of pain by physical force for the purpose of discipline best describes: A) disappointment. B) corporal punishment. C) time-out. D) shaming.

Corporal punishment results in: A) immediate compliance. B) less aggression. C) higher levels of moral internalization. D) improved parent-child relationships.

Corporal punishment results in: A) delayed compliance. B) less aggression. C) lower levels of moral internalization. D) improved parent-child relationships.

When a parent communicates the rationale for a rule and the subsequent consequences of the child's actions, the parent is most likely using what form of discipline? A) nonaggressive power assertion B) induction C) aggressive power assertion D) aggression power compliance

Sarah's mother does not communicate the reasons behind her actions, but rather uses corporal punishment or another immediate punishment to discipline Sarah. Sarah's mother most likely falls into what category of discipline? A) nonaggressive power assertion B) induction C) aggressive power assertion D) aggression power compliance

Which of the following is the best description of a parent engaging in authoritative parenting? A) Raul's parents are warm and affectionate, but tend to have high expectations for Raul. B) Tony's parents are warm and affectionate, but have very few, if any, expectations for Tony. C) Ada's parents are neither warm nor affectionate and have very few, if any, expectations for Ada. D) Ruben's parents are not warm and affectionate, but have very high expectations for Ruben.

When devising your research question, it is important to have clear: A) differentiation of authorship. B) conceptual definitions of terms. C) designation of duties of lab assistants. D) grant funding.

Which describes the common and accepted practice of conceptually defining terms for research? A) making up new definitions not based on the literature B) not checking literature for existing definitions C) using previously existing definitions from the literature D) developing a vague and broad definition of terms

Self-report measures afford the ability to obtain data through: A) real-time interval sampling. B) accurate predictions of future behaviors. C) introspection. D) observable behaviors.

Mark is a 24-year-old male college student. Given the principle of social desirability as it relates to having a higher number of sexual partners, Mark is likely to _____ the number of sexual partners he has had in the last year. A) underreport B) overreport C) to not report D) to challenge

Luella has a 2-year-old son and a 4-year-old daughter. When in the presence of her parents she is likely to _____ the number of problematic behaviors of her children according to the principle of social desirability. A) underreport B) overreport C) not report D) challenge

Research practices that utilize behavioral choice may inflate a(n): A) ecological validity. B) artificial environment. C) behavioral traces. D) introspection.

Research practices that utilize behavioral choice may introduce: A) multiple options. B) behavioral traces. C) introspection. D) restriction of options.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of observational research? A) increase in Cohen's d B) identify key factors related to phenomenon C) identify connections between variables of interest D) assist in formulation of theories

Deliberately making children misbehave to observe parental reactions would be a(n) _____ research behavior. A) ethical B) unethical C) moral D) fitting

Which observational method is more prone to demand characteristics and social desirability affects? A) participant observation B) laboratory observation C) naturalistic observation D) systematic observation

Kelvin and Maurene are both in a childhood development class and were asked by the instructor to complete an observation project. Kelvin and Maurene predetermined the behaviors they were interested in observing prior to entering the first-grade classroom on Monday morning. Kelvin and Maurene watched the first-grade classroom activity through a one-way mirror. Kelvin and Maurene are conducting a: A) laboratory observation. B) sleep study. C) analogue study. D) naturalistic observation.

Tiana wants to see if individuals react differently to negative feedback from men than from women. Tiana and other trained researchers are conducting this study within a laboratory setting. This would be an example of a(n): A) analogue study. B) naturalistic observation. C) systematic observation. D) participant observation.

Dr. Norris's research samples generally include young white men and women under the age of 30 years old. Choose a limitation of Dr. Norris's research based on this information. A) internal validity B) concurrent validity C) content validity D) external validity

Terence is a graduate student studying the behavior of canines. He is currently developing a study in which he wants to carefully, and with precise control, introduce various stimuli into the canines' environment and observe their reactions. Terence's mentor recommends the following observational method: A) analogue observation B) laboratory observation C) naturalistic observation D) participant observation

Dr. Keefer is skeptical of using laboratory observation designs as he knows they are susceptible to both _____ and social desirability. A) demand characteristics B) natural behaviors C) interviewer bias D) personality characteristics

Dr. Yanira is an education specialist and has begun observing various schools throughout the county. Dr. Yanira randomly selected a private school in the area with the highest per-capita income to be her first school observation. She decided to base her request for budget, school supplies, and school lunches, among many other things, on that single observation. What is the main issue with her results from that single observation? A) low ecological validity B) low external validity C) high internal reliability D) observer bias

Dr. Izmen decided to conduct research multiple nights at the county fair. He decided to observe patrons on both weeknights and weekends, as well as in the afternoon, early evening, and late evening. He had research assistants throughout the fair, at different booths, noting observations about parenting behaviors and romantic relationship behaviors. He was able to collect data on a diverse sample in age, ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status. Dr. Izmen's study has: A) high external validity. B) low external validity. C) lack of representativeness. D) observer bias.

Dr. Soto aims to improve the ecological validity of her future studies. She plans on addressing many study aspects, but notes that increasing which of the following would help her improve ecological validity? A) artificiality of setting B) computer-based programming C) real-life materials D) demand characteristics

Researchers may experience several difficulties when engaging in participant observation. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with participant observation? A) systematic underestimation of events B) systematic overestimation of events C) impartiality D) erroneous conclusions

You are socializing with your friends Rolanda and Zackary. Another couple who you don't know, Alyse and Tyn, joins the gathering. You see Rolanda and Zackary discipline their son with a tap on the hand for sticking his fingers in the potato salad and you see Alyse and Tyn discipline their daughter by tapping her bottom for throwing the potato salad. You react with harsher judgment to the punishment by Alyse and Tyn than to the punishment by Rolanda and Zackary. One potential reason for this discrepancy could be: A) social desirability. B) observer bias. C) artificiality. D) external validity.

Dr. LeCrane is initiating a naturalistic observation of children and their parents. Which of the following is NOT absolutely necessary to continue with the naturalistic observation study? A) informed consent B) coding system C) research protocol D) approval from the institutional review board

In most nonconcealed observations it is best to use _____ disclosure. A) full B) partial C) nonexistent D) comprehensive

Kayleigh was enlisted to be a part of a physiological study for extra credit in her experimental psychology course. She read the informed consent and knew she would be observed as she competed against other participants in various physical challenges. Kayleigh became very nervous and began to doubt her athletic ability, knowing someone was watching her. This is an example of: A) perception. B) bias. C) ecological validity. D) reactivity.

Adrianne was cast on a reality baking competition show. Adrianne went fairly far in the competition, which recently aired. Adrianne's mother noted that she looked much more nervous and looked directly at the cameras more frequently during the first two episodes compared to the later episodes. During later episodes Adrianne appeared much more comfortable and "in the zone" during the baking challenges. What explains Adrianne's behavior? A) Adrianne's reactivity decreased. B) Adrianne's reactivity increased. C) Adrianne's bias increased. D) Adrianne's became aware of active deception.

If concealment efforts are deemed justifiable and acceptable for the purposes of the specific research question, which setting would be considered an ethical medium for obtaining the data? A) hiding under someone's bed in their dorm room B) sitting on a bench in a community park C) installing hidden cameras in a bathroom D) audio recording conversations in retail store fitting rooms

Concealment studies tend to drastically reduce issues with all of the following, EXCEPT: A) ecological validity. B) reactivity. C) deception. D) social desirability.

Dr. Reef wanted to study relationship break-ups in natural settings. She enlisted several of her research assistants to recruit couples for the study. She fully disclosed the goals of the study to one of the individuals in the couple and only told the other individual that the study was focused on relationships. Dr. Reef devised "natural" scenarios where a break-up would occur and gained permission from both parties to observe. Dr. Reef was not fully honest with both participants for the sake of her research question, but the deception may not have been justifiable. Which of the following is true? A) Dr. Reef's research used active deception ethically. B) Dr. Reef's research used active deception unethically. C) Dr. Reef's research used nonconcealment efforts unethically. D) Dr. Reef's research used concealment efforts ethically.

Dr. Shuler feels that the current literature on personality disorders is outdated and she decides to do a thorough review of research on the topic over the last 20 years. Dr. Shuler then uses the information she gathered in her literature review to help appropriately describe the behaviors in her upcoming study. Dr. Shuler: A) developed a coding system. B) debunked previous literature. C) developed research protocols. D) developed operational definitions.

If you were conducting a research study on parent-child interactions, which of the following would be the best operational definition for the term "child"? A) someone younger than 18 years still living at home B) someone between the ages of 2 years and 17 years old C) someone between the ages of 13 years and 17 years old D) someone younger than 25 years still living at home

A 2008 study examining discipline practices among mothers and fathers suggests: A) discipline practices of mothers do not influence how the father disciplines the children. B) discipline practices of single mothers do not influence discipline practices of single fathers. C) discipline practices of mothers influence how the father disciplines the children. D) discipline practices of single fathers influence discipline practices of single mothers.

In a 2010 study examining reasons for parental discipline, it was found that the two main reasons to change a child's behavior are: A) parental embarrassment and safety. B) safety and model social norms. C) modeling social norms and teaching perfection. D) punishment and reinforcement.

According to the famous Asch (1951) study individuals feel: A) pressure to display unique behaviors. B) pressure to draw lines the same as the person next to them. C) pressure to be just like their peers. D) pressure to correct behavior to align more with expectations.

In a 2000 study investigating the relation between socioeconomic status and discipline, the researchers found that: A) higher-income parents tended to endorse harsher discipline practices overall. B) lower-income parents tended to endorse harsher discipline practices overall. C) lower-income parents tended to endorse more lenient discipline practices overall. D) higher-income parents tended to endorse more monetary discipline practices.

In early research it has been found that the presence of others significantly influences: A) performance on complex and simple tasks. B) performance on an athletic activity. C) performance on a task and the decision to help someone in need. D) naturalistic observations.

A set of rules that helps guide how a researcher classifies and records observations refers to: A) a coding system. B) an action plan. C) a research protocol. D) descriptive statistics.

Drs. Eng and Bernhart are studying behaviors on a romantic first date. They have several different research questions, but one in particular is the amount of time between the beginning of the date and the end of the date. Drs. Eng and Bernhart believe there may be many factors that influence the length of a first date. This research question would be best addressed by: A) frequency count recording. B) duration recording. C) interval recording. D) variable schedule recording.

Drs. Sommer and Elston are researching eating habits in various different types of restaurants. They have several different research questions they would like answered by these observations. One research question focuses on how many different times couples ate at different eating establishments to help determine any patterns in behavior. This research question would best be addressed by: A) frequency count recording. B) duration recording. C) interval recording. D) variable schedule recording.

Dr. Quinlan is examining teacher behaviors in relation to male and female students. She is interested to see if male students are called on more often in class than female students. She will most likely use: A) frequency count recording. B) duration recording. C) interval recording. D) variable schedule recording.

Dr. Timmons is investigating criminal behavior trajectories, specifically the length of time between the first criminal act committed and the first criminal act that resulted with incarceration in prison. Dr. Timmons is interviewing hundreds of prisoners for his data collection. Dr. Timmons will be playing close attention to: A) frequency count recording. B) variable schedule recording. C) interval recording. D) duration recording.

Dr. Pryor is continuing previous research on suicidality by interviewing families as to the occurrence of completed and attempted suicides in the last four generations. Dr. Pryor will most likely use: A) frequency count recording. B) variable schedule recording. C) interval recording. D) duration recording.

There are multiple considerations Tessa must make when thinking about her sociology homework. She has been given the task of observing diverse children interact. She has decided to go to a neighborhood park near her parents' home. Her parents live in an upper-middle-class, predominantly white neighborhood. Which of the following would be an issue with her sample at the park? A) low ecological validity B) high external validity C) lack of representativeness D) observer bias

As discussed in the text, most child discipline research focuses on: A) fathers. B) mothers. C) grandparents. D) stepparents.

Who is the worst candidate to be an observer in a study? A) a trained unbiased observer who was not involved in the development of the study B) a trained college student who has moderate understanding of coding systems C) the researcher who is responsible for the inception and development of the study D) a trained research assistant from another research lab

A study in which an observer must make accurate decisions as to the relationship an individual has with another person (e.g., friend, parent, sibling, romantic partner) without being able to question the individuals being observed would rely heavily on: A) subjective reasoning. B) research protocol. C) observer training. D) blind observations.

Observer training teaches all of the following, EXCEPT how to: A) minimize potential biases. B) identify and define appropriate situations. C) properly record behaviors. D) use personal judgment in coding.

Dr. Peltier wants his research assistants to be as unbiased as possible when coding observations of participants in an upcoming study on gender identity. One of the most effective means of ensuring limited biases is to conduct: A) intra-observer reliability. B) blind observations. C) external validity. D) duration recording.

Blind observations mean that trained observers do not know: A) how to code behaviors. B) what behaviors to code. C) what the study is about. D) the individuals they are observing.

The goals of training observers include all of the following, EXCEPT how to: A) conduct ambiguous observations. B) conduct consistent observations. C) conduct accurate observations. D) conduct objective observations.

Tobi and Alix were both trained by Dr. Hamil in the coding for his rodent behavior lab. However, Tobi and Alix differed significantly in their observations of "Sugar" the mouse. Tobi was consistent and reliable in his coding and observations of "Sugar." Yet, Alix was much more erratic in her accounting of "Sugar's" behaviors. Dr. Hamil would likely rate Tobi with: A) high intra-observer reliability. B) high inter-observer reliability. C) low inter-observer reliability. D) low intra-observer reliability.

Tobi and Alix were both trained by Dr. Hamil in the coding for his rodent behavior lab. However, Tobi and Alix differed significantly in their observations of "Sugar" the mouse. Tobi was consistent and reliable in his coding and observations of "Sugar." Yet, Alix was much more erratic in her accounting of "Sugar's" daily behaviors. Dr. Hamil would likely rate Alix with: A) high intra-observer reliability. B) high inter-observer reliability. C) low inter-observer reliability. D) low intra-observer reliability.

Tobi and Alix were both trained by Dr. Hamil in the coding for his rodent behavior lab. However, Tobi and Alix differed significantly in their observations of "Sugar" the mouse. Tobi was consistent and reliable in his coding and observations of "Sugar." Yet, Alix was much more erratic in her accounting of "Sugar's" daily behaviors. Dr. Hamil would likely rate the comparison between Tobi and Alix as having: A) high intra-observer reliability. B) high inter-observer reliability. C) low inter-observer reliability. D) low intra-observer reliability.

An example of intra-observer reliability would be: A) When compared with each other, Dell's and Trinity's observations of the local food fair are consistent and accurate. B) Kenneth provides consistent and accurate observations of the primates in his assigned habitat at the zoo. C) Margo's and Tarah's observations of a daycare center classroom have a high degree of consensus. D) Fawn's and Altha's observations of the local soccer match have a low degree of consensus.

An example of inter-rater reliability would be: A) Marlon has been stable and precise in his observations of mating behaviors among fruit flies. B) Donovan provides dependable and uniform observations of harvesting behaviors on a local farm. C) Babette provides repeatedly consistent and accurate observations of the lunar cycle. D) Ronaldo's and Frank's observations of altruistic behaviors at a local homeless shelter have a high degree of consensus.

Pilot studies are important in order to do all of the following, EXCEPT: A) refine the study design. B) provide clarity in the coding system. C) refine methodology. D) promote subjectivity.

When evaluating the observations of two research trainees using a new coding system you notice that there is little consensus among their ratings. This lack of consensus may illuminate issues with all of the following, EXCEPT: A) potential biases. B) reactivity. C) problems with coding system. D) effectiveness of training.

Dr. Marcus developed a study examining verbal arguments in movie theaters. His research protocol and coding systems specified that trained observers were only supposed to observe theater goers for a specific period. The trained observers were supposed to observe whether a verbal argument did or did not occur for 15 minutes and then not observe for 10 minutes and then observe again for 15 minutes and so on until the movie ended. This would be an example of: A) continuous recording. B) duration recording. C) interval recording. D) frequency-count recording.

Dr. Mayhew was interested in adolescents' reaction to disappointment. At the beginning of a local rock concert, Dr. Mayhew had the announcer broadcast that the band would perform an encore performance. All of the adolescents continued to stand and wait for the encore performance following the formal conclusion of the concert. Approximately 60 minutes later the announcer broadcast that the band already left and was unable to perform. Trained observers were placed throughout the concert arena and recorded the reactions of the adolescents in the audience following the news of the cancelled encore performance. The best description for this would be a(n): A) blind observation. B) interval observation. C) continuous observation. D) contrived observation.

Dr. Haltyn was conducting a case study on an adolescent male in the school setting. She attended all of his classes and sat in the back of the room and recorded all of the adolescent male's behaviors in each class throughout the day. This would be an example of: A) continuous recording. B) duration recording. C) interval recording. D) frequency-count recording.

Dr. Flores studies primate behavior during the day and at night. She spends a 24-hour period observing and coding all of the primates' behaviors in the captivity habitat. This would be an example of: A) interval recording. B) duration recording. C) continuous recording. D) frequency-count recording.

Dr. Lansing was interested in children's real-time reactions to loss. He had a party and invited all of the participants and their parents. He gave each child a puppy at the beginning of the party. At the end of the party he made an announcement that the puppies needed to be returned to him before they left the party. Dr. Lansing had research assistants throughout the grounds recording the real-time reactions of the children upon news of the loss of their new puppy. The best description for this would be a(n): A) blind observation. B) contrived observation. C) continuous observation. D) interval observation.

A 2007 study that took place in _____ examined individuals' reactions to being the recipient of an insult during a train ride. A) Canada B) the United States C) England D) the Netherlands

In a 2007 study that examined individuals' reactions to insults during a local train ride in the Netherlands found a number of findings. The results indicated: A) insulted participants with a strong belief in honor displayed more anger, less joy, and less fear than those with a weak belief. B) insulted participants with a strong belief in manners displayed more anger, more joy, and more fear than those with a weak belief. C) insulted participants with a weak belief in honor displayed more anger, less joy, and less fear than those with a strong belief. D) insulted participants with a weak belief in manners displayed more anger, more joy, and more fear than those with a strong belief.

Data for a given participant in a single observation research study is likely to be represented in a statistical dataset within a(n): A) column. B) row. C) cell. D) observation.

A researcher is interested in what behaviors are common among individuals during summers of intense and atypical heat waves. This would be indicative of a(n): A) inferential statistic. B) multiple regression. C) descriptive statistic. D) summative evaluation.

Researchers at a local advocacy center are interested in the types of behaviors foster children engage in when in the presence of their foster family in comparison with their biological family. This would be indicative of: A) descriptive statistics. B) multiple regressions. C) summative evaluations. D) inferential statistics.

Admissions counselors use _____ to determine whether GPA is predictive of success during a student's freshmen year in college. A) descriptive statistics B) inferential statistics C) summative evaluations D) formative evaluations

Dr. Juni is organizing data from his recent study on aggression. He decided to classify participants based on their self-reported hair color: blond, brown, red, and black. Dr. Juni then runs analyses using these groupings. Dr. Juni is grouping the participants based on a(n): A) categorical variable. B) continuous variable. C) ordinal variable. D) interval variable.

Dr. Calloway is in the process of classifying and arranging data from his recent observations while on safari in Africa. He has grouped subjects into three classifications: mammals, reptiles, and birds. Dr. Calloway is grouping subjects based on a(n): A) interval variable. B) continuous variable. C) ordinal variable. D) categorical variable.

Dr. Alier is examining psychopathic tendencies among prisoners and nurses. He decided to provide a self-report questionnaire to prisoners and nurses and asked them to complete it. Dr. Alier and his research assistants then followed up with individual interviews for all of the participants. Scores on the self-report scale ranged from 0 to 106. In this example psychopathic tendencies are a(n): A) interval variable. B) continuous variable. C) ordinal variable. D) categorical variable.

Mr. Chapman is a local scientist studying germ incubation times for varying fungi. He records the incubation times to the second, minute, and hour. This would be an example of a(n): A) nominal variable. B) ordinal variable. C) continuous variable. D) categorical variable.

Charlese creates charts showing her teacher the number of times she referred to her notes, PowerPoint slides, textbook, flashcards, and classmates to study for the last three exams in the class. Charlese has unknowingly developed a(n): A) continuous variable. B) frequency distribution. C) interval recording. D) duration recording.

Dante had to complete a project for his statistics class. He was tasked with going to a nursing home and recording the various types of physical activity and how often residents engaged in each activity on a given day. Dante then had to organize the information in a clear and concise manner. Dante probably displayed his information in a(n): A) observation schedule. B) coding system. C) frequency distribution. D) mode.

Which of the following is the appropriate symbol for mode? A) M B) Mdn C) Mn D) Mo

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency? A) M B) R² C) Mo D) Mdn

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency? A) ₁ B) R² C) ² D) Mdn

Which of the following is the appropriate symbol for mean? A) M B) Mdn C) Mn D) Mo

Which of the following is the appropriate symbol for median? A) M B) Mdn C) Mn D) Mo

Kyra wanted to determine what types of monetary currency was used to pay for merchandise at a local bargain store. She noted there was an assorted use of currency including, but not limited to, dimes, quarters, $5 bills, $20 bills, and $100 bills. To easily explain the distribution of the selection of currency taken by the bargain store Kyra should use _____ to describe the data collected. A) the mode B) the median C) the mean D) the range

Research suggests that a value of _____ or higher indicates high inter-observer reliability. A) .05 B) .5 C) .7 D) 1.2

Dr. Regent was evaluating the inter-rater reliability between Trisha and Fitz's study observations. Which would be the most appropriate statistic to measure agreement between their observations? A) Cohen's d B) Cohen's f C) Cohen's kappa D) Cohen's alpha

Which of the following is the most appropriate calculation to determine the level of agreement between two observers coding categorical items? A) Cohen's kappa B) Cohen's f C) Cohen's d D) Cohen's alpha

Trinity has been recording the number of times she says "um" for the last 7 days to help improve her public-speaking grade. She recorded the following data for the last 7 days: 23, 27, 12, 10, 5, 5, 5. What is the approximate average number of times she says "um" over the 7-day period? A) 12 B) 15 C) 17 D) 22

Inter-observer reliability calculations can range from: A) -1 to -2. B) -1 to 1. C) 0 to 1. D) 0 to 2.

Catrina wants to determine which book on the summer reading list is most preferred by her students. She has collected data at the beginning of the school year for the last 3 years. What statistic should she use to show the most frequently reported preferred book? A) the mode B) the median C) the mean D) the range

Kiyoko is wondering which friend sends and receives the most text messages, on average, during a 1-week period. Kiyoko records the number of text messages received and sent for each friend at the end of each day. Which measure of central tendency would most accurately answer Kiyoko's question? A) the mode B) the median C) the mean D) the range

Chanelle needs to choose a measure of central tendency that is less influenced by outliers. Which measure of central tendency would be most appropriate? A) the mode B) the median C) the mean D) the range

Categorical data is best visually represented by a: A) bar chart. B) regression line. C) polygon. D) flow chart.

According to the text and recent studies, spanking remain a common practice in the United States, with approximately _____ of parents still using this form of discipline. A) 62% B) 76% C) 80% D) 87%

(Scenario I) The type of research design in Scenario I is best described as: A) experimental. B) naturalistic. C) nonconcealed. D) descriptive.

(Scenario I) Having the sample comprised of individuals across the United States increased the _____ of the study described in Scenario I. A) external validity B) internal validity C) experimental validity D) ecological validity

(Scenario I) If Brandt and Crawford (2016) became members of a far-left liberal organization and a far-right conservative organization in order to study the attitudes of liberals and conservatives toward out-group members, they would have engaged in: A) nonconcealed participant observation. B) concealed participant observation. C) laboratory observation. D) naturalistic observation.

(Scenario I) After the authors completed the study, they decided to compare cognitive ability between liberal and conservative participants. Which measure of central tendency should the authors use to measure the typical cognitive ability of the two groups? A) mean B) median C) mode D) any can be used

(Scenario I) Prejudice is a _____ variable. A) categorical B) continuous C) controlled D) concealed

(Scenario II) The study in Scenario II is best described as a(n): A) laboratory observation. B) participant observation. C) naturalistic observation. D) external observation.

(Scenario II) Which variable in Scenario II was a continuous variable? A) type of eater B) cookie description C) number of cookies eaten D) weight of the participant

(Scenario II) According to Scenario II, most women ate three cookies. This represents which measure of central tendency? A) mean B) median C) mode D) It can be represented as the mean, median, or mode.

(Scenario II) The treatment condition in Scenario II is a: A) continuous variable. B) categorical variable. C) connecting variable. D) contiguous variable.

(Scenario III) Perhaps the inspiration for Bandura's study occurred when he was picking up his daughter from daycare and observed children behaving very aggressively. As a result, he began a systematic observation of aggression at the daycare center for one month. This type of research design answered _____, whereas the study described in Scenario III answered _____. A) what; why B) why; where C) where; what D) why; what

(Scenario III) Suppose Bandura was contemplating using a survey to assess observational learning in children. The survey would be administered to parents who would respond to true-false statements such as "When I get angry my child also gets angry" and "During periods of stress my child is likely to stay calm if I remain calm." Based on your text, what would be a good argument to persuade Bandura against asking his research question in this way? A) Bandura's research question focuses on actual behavior. B) Parents may answer in a way that promotes social desirability, which may not be accurate. C) It is impossible for parents anticipate all potential future situations and know how they would respond to them. D) All of the above arguments may be used.

(Scenario III) How externally valid would you say the Bobo Doll Study is? A) very; laboratory studies are associated with high external validity B) not very; laboratory studies are associated with low external validity C) very; laboratory studies, when presented in an ecologically valid way, can increase external validity D) not very; laboratory studies, even when ecological valid, are inherently low in external validity

(Scenario III) Each child's level of aggression was determined by recording the number of aggressive acts initiated in a 10-minute period. This is an example of: A) duration recording. B) frequency-count recording. C) interval recording. D) continuous recording.

If a researcher is more focused on the "why" rather than the "what" of behavior, they would most likely use what type of research design? A) experimental B) descriptive C) observational D) meta-analysis

If a researcher is more focused on the "what" rather than the "why" of behavior, they would most likely use what type of research design? A) experimental B) correlational C) descriptive D) analogue

Josefina wanted to view and note the occurrence of predetermined behaviors in an organized way. This would be an example of: A) external validity. B) laboratory observation. C) systematic observational research. D) participant observation.

The extent to which a particular study's findings are generalizable to the real-world is referred to as: A) internal validity. B) reliability. C) external validity. D) concurrent validity.

Researchers attempted to re-create a small-town doctor experience by transforming the laboratory into a doctor's office and furnishing it with instruments, décor, and staff that would be similar in the real setting. The researchers are attempting to increase the _____ with their efforts. A) ecological validity B) concurrent validity C) internal consistency D) internal reliability

Gwen wants to make sure her experiment's findings can be generalized beyond the given research sample. Gwen is referring to: A) external validity. B) internality validity. C) concurrent validity. D) content validity.

When a researcher is actively engaging and interacting with study volunteers while observing them, it's referred to as: A) social modeling. B) participant observation. C) laboratory observation. D) systematic observation.

Each of the following is a potential drawback of participant observation, EXCEPT: A) bias. B) objectivity. C) subjectivity. D) becoming too involved.

Leticia is sitting at a local park watching families interact, without interfering in their behaviors, as part of an assignment for her sociology classes. This is an example of: A) an analogue study. B) laboratory observation. C) participant observation. D) naturalistic observation.

Morris is conducting an experiment for class. He decides that he will inform his participants that they are being observed but will not tell them what exactly he is observing. This is an example of: A) concealed observation. B) nonconcealed observation. C) an analogue study. D) a deception study.

When individuals alter their performance or behaviors because others are observing them it's called: A) concealment. B) reactivity. C) pilot testing. D) intra-observer reliability.

Tanya was told that she was participating in a study about coupon use at a local supermarket. In reality, her implicit attitudes regarding gender were being studied. This is an example of: A) blind observation. B) reactivity. C) deception. D) nonconcealment.

The operational definition of "striking the bottom of another person with an open hand" refers to: A) spanking. B) threatening. C) whipping. D) bribing.

According to the text, parents may feel enormous pressure from _____, which can influence their discipline practices. A) the personality of the child B) reactivity C) social norms D) their marriage

Richard was developing a _____ to assist observers in noting certain nonverbal and verbal behaviors displayed by participants. A) check sheet B) coding system C) pilot test D) inter-rater reliability

Tracey records each time a specific verbalization is made in parent-child dyads. This is an example of: A) duration recording. B) blind observation. C) frequency-count recording. D) observation schedule.

Earle is recording the time between the end of a child's tantrum and when she receives a reward from her caregiver. This approach is known as: A) duration recording. B) blind observation. C) frequency-count recording. D) observation schedule.

The extent to which a single researcher consistently codes a given variable refers to: A) inter-rater reliability. B) intra-observer reliability. C) internal consistency. D) external validity.

Which of the following is NOT a descriptive statistic? A) mean of sample B) standard deviation of sample C) mode of sample D) inferring value to population

Dori scored a 52 on an accepted measurement of anxiety. Samson scored a 71 on the same measure. Their scores would be considered: A) categorical. B) nominal. C) ordinal. D) continuous.

Bernardo received grant funding to transform his lab to look like a daycare room, equipped with toys, decorations, and staff. Bernardo wanted to ensure a high degree of _____ validity in his laboratory experiments. A) external B) internal C) ecological D) peripheral

The book, My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student, is a prime example of: A) laboratory observation. B) systematic observation. C) analogue observation. D) participant observation.

Which of the following variables would pose the most challenges to a naturalistic observation? A) thoughts of the participant B) discipline behaviors C) clothing styles D) nonverbal language

MTV's The Real World was a reality show that premiered in 1992. Research suggests that reactivity _____ as individuals such as those on The Real World become accustomed to being observed. A) increases B) diminishes C) stays the same D) escalates

Studies that involve active deception and concealment rarely _____ at the beginning of a study. A) provide informed consent B) operationalize variables C) obtain IRB approval D) discuss ethical obligations

Bribes, a common discipline practice, is operationally defined as verbal promises to give a child something to increase more positive behavior and therefore are considered a means of: A) negative reinforcement. B) negative punishment. C) positive reinforcement. D) positive punishment.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a situational factor? A) setting B) weather C) time of day D) socioeconomic status

Shirley and Lorene are lab assistants helping to code behaviors in an experiment. The main researcher has not informed them as to the overall purpose of these observations. This is an example of: A) blind observation. B) concealment. C) intra-observer reliability. D) laboratory observation.

A trial run used to assess and refine the design, methods, and instruments for a study is called: A) informed consent. B) a pilot test. C) debriefing. D) interval testing.

The consensus between two observers' ratings of the same event is referred to as: A) intra-observer reliability. B) inter-observer reliability. C) pilot testing. D) interval recording.

Artificially introducing a variable that is of interest to the researchers and then observing the consequences is a: A) blind observation. B) continuous observation. C) analogue observation. D) contrived observation.

The most frequently occurring score in a set of data is referred to as the: A) mean. B) median. C) deviation. D) mode.

A value that best represents all of the other values for a particular variable is referred to as: A) a continuous value. B) central tendency. C) a categorical value. D) a frequency distribution.

Which of the following is the symbol for the average for a given dataset? A) M B) Mo C) Mdn D) kappa

The average total yards run by the university's football team refers to the: A) median. B) mode. C) standard deviation. D) mean.

Cohen's _____ coefficient is a statistical measure of inter-observer agreement between two observers for categorical items. A) delta B) alpha C) kappa D) theta

Descriptive statistics do NOT permit: A) drawing conclusions beyond the data. B) objectivity in the data. C) description of the data. D) analysis of the data.

If a variable is labeled "high" or "low" in a coding system, that variable is: A) continuous. B) categorical. C) ordinal. D) interval.

When using bar charts to represent data, bar lengths are _____ the values they represent. A) greater than B) proportional to C) less than D) double

Approximately _____ countries have banned the use of physical punishment, such as spanking, on moral grounds. A) 20 B) 22 C) 24 D) 26