Quiz 9: Multigroup Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

According to a 2013 review of the literature, 97% of published scientific papers agree that climate change is occurring and is caused by human activity. However, as of 2016 approximately _____ of Americans do not believe that the Earth's temperature is rising. A) 10% B) 20% C) 40% D) 60%

In a 2006 study examining cross-national comparisons of image associations among residents of the United States and the United Kingdom regarding images related to climate change and global warming found: A) that global warming produced positive associations for residents of the United Kingdom only. B) that global warming produced positive associations for residents of the United States only. C) that global warming produced positive associations for both United Kingdom and United States residents. D) that global warming produced negative associations for both United Kingdom and United States residents.

In a 2008 study investigating whether direct experiences with flooding influence risk perception found that flood victims were _____ to engage in behavior that would help eliminate climate change. A) not more concerned, more informed, or more motivated B) more concerned, more informed, and more motivated C) less concerned, more informed, and more motivated D) more concerned, but less informed and motivated

In a 2008 study, researchers examined the cognitive benefits of interacting with nature and found that: A) participants who walked in a park performed worse on an attention task than those who walked in a downtown area. B) participants who walked in a park performed better on an attention task than those who walked in a downtown area. C) participants who walked in a downtown area only performed better on an attention task if with other people than those who walked alone in a park. D) there was no difference in ability to perform an attention task among those who walked in a park and those who walked in a downtown area.

In 2009 three interrelated studies were conducted to examine the effect of temperature on social closeness and perception of relationship. Researchers found that: A) participants holding a warm cup felt more distance from the experimenter. B) participants holding a cold cup felt close to the experimenter. C) participants holding a warm cup felt close to the experimenter. D) there was no difference in perception of closeness to the experimenter based on temperature.

A 2010 study examining whether clean scents promote reciprocity and charity found that: A) participants in a clean smelling room gave more money to a partner, took more flyers related to volunteering efforts, and were more willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent. B) participants in a room with no noticeable scent gave more money to a partner, took more flyers related to volunteering efforts, and were more willing to donate more money than those in a room with a clean scent. C) participants in a clean smelling room gave less money to a partner, took fewer flyers related to volunteering efforts, but were more willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent. D) participants in a clean smelling room gave more money to a partner, but took fewer flyers related to volunteering efforts, and were less willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent.

A 2008 study examining the experience of physical warmth on the promotion of interpersonal warmth found that: A) those who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality less favorably. B) those who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality more favorably. C) those who held the cold cup rated the other person's personality more favorably. D) there was no difference among participants who held hot or cold cups with regard to their ratings.

A 2008 study examining the experience of physical warmth on the promotion of interpersonal warmth found that: A) there was no difference in gift choice between those who held a warm or cold therapeutic pad. B) those who held a cold therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend rather than take one for themselves. C) those who held a warm therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend rather than take one for themselves. D) those who held a warm therapeutic pad were less likely to choose a gift for a friend and took a gift for themselves instead.

A 2011 study examined the relationship between daily temperature changes and belief in global warming across participants in the United States and Australia. The study found that: A) participants in Australia only reported a higher belief in global warming. B) participants across the United States and Australia reported greater concern of global warming on days that were warmer. C) participants in the United States only reported a higher belief in global warming. D) participants across the United States and Australia reported greater concern of global warming on days that were cooler.

Whitney notices there are advantages and disadvantages to every research procedure. She noted that self-report questionnaires are useful because: A) they allow collateral information to be collected. B) participants can see how others view them. C) participants get to state their own views. D) they are not susceptible to social desirability response biases.

Self-report measures could unintentionally introduce all of the following into a study, EXCEPT: A) social desirability. B) hypothesis-guessing. C) demand characteristics. D) systematic error.

Miguel is a participant in a research study examining environmental beliefs. Miguel continues to try to determine the intention of the researchers, but he often becomes confused by items on the self-report measure that do not clearly relate to that intention. Miguel was attempting to engage in: A) random error. B) hypothesis-guessing. C) social desirability. D) demand characteristics.

Which of the following would be helpful in reducing the chance of hypothesis-guessing on a measure? A) Include more items on the questionnaires (the longer the measure, the less chance participants will guess the purpose of the study). B) Include fewer items on the questionnaire (the shorter the measure, the less chance participants will guess the purpose of the study). C) Include distractor questions to help divert attention from the true purpose of the study. D) Increase the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the measure.

Which of the following would NOT be helpful in reducing social desirability bias in participant responses? A) assuring participants of their anonymity B) assuring participants of their confidentiality C) informing participants there is no pressure or judgment D) informing participants how important the study is and what the researchers hopes to find

Dr. Cullen and Dr. Rosen are having a debate on the inclusion of distractor items on the follow-up questionnaire following the completion of their experimental drug study. Dr. Cullen insists that distractor questions are extremely useful in: A) exaggerating hypothesis-guessing and demand characteristics. B) exaggerating social desirability responding and demand characteristics. C) minimizing hypothesis-guessing and confounds. D) minimizing hypothesis-guessing and demand characteristics.

Gerard is critically analyzing whether to use a self-report measure in his upcoming research study examining political beliefs. One of Gerard's main concerns regarding using self-report measures is that: A) self-report measures are not susceptible to social desirability response biases. B) self-report measures are susceptible to social desirability response biases. C) self-report measures permit participants to report their own responses. D) self-report measures have high internal reliability consistencies.

Which of the following best represents a study using methodological pluralism? A) a study examining self-report of depressive symptoms only B) a study examining behavioral observations of depressive symptoms by significant other only C) a study examining depressive symptoms through both self-report and behavioral observations D) a study examining depressive symptoms through reaction to antidepressants only

Sabina wishes to use multiple strategies including self-report, interview, and a behavioral measure to answer her research question regarding alcohol use among teenagers. Sabina will most likely be employing: A) baseline measurements. B) methodological pluralism. C) multigroup design. D) planned contrasts.

Juan is interested in his peers' responses in reaction to spiders. He designs an experimental paradigm where he has fake spiders and real spiders and then monitors his peers' fear responses. Based on Juan's design which variable is the independent variable (IV)? A) fear responses B) type of spider C) diagnosis of arachnophobia D) age of peers

Juan is interested in his peers' responses in reaction to spiders. He designs an experimental paradigm where he has fake spiders and real spiders and then monitors his peers' fear responses. Based on Juan's design which variable is the dependent variable (DV)? A) fear responses B) type of spider C) diagnosis of arachnophobia D) age of peers

Ricardo develops a research study to help answer his research question: Do individuals in the northeast part of the United States have a different dialect than individuals in the southern part of the United States? He randomly assigns participants into groups from Louisiana and Mississippi as well as from Maine and New Hampshire. He is interested in studying their dialects. Half of the participants are randomly assigned to the personal interview condition and the other half is randomly assigned to the pre-recorded message condition. Participants in the pre-recorded message condition read and record a preselected passage three times. Ricardo then codes their dialects based on a coding system and has two other researchers code the dialects as well. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the independent variable (IV)? A) geographic origin B) gender of participants C) interview condition D) coding of responses

Ricardo develops a research study to help answer his research question: Do individuals in the northeast part of the United States have a different dialect than individuals in the southern part of the United States? He randomly assigns participants into groups from Louisiana and Mississippi as well as from Maine and New Hampshire. He is interested in studying their dialects. Half of the participants are randomly assigned to the personal interview condition and the other half is randomly assigned to the pre-recorded message condition. Participants in the pre-recorded message condition read and record a preselected passage three times. Ricardo then codes their dialects based on a coding system and has two other researchers code the dialects as well. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the dependent variable (DV)? A) geographic origin B) gender of participants C) dialect coding D) age of participants

Deandre is a new teacher at a local elementary school. He decides to conduct a brief study testing the fifth graders' knowledge of science at the beginning of the school year and at the end of the school year. He will randomly assign students to either a "hands-on" science group that does experiments with each lesson plan or to a "video" science group that assigns videos and online tutorials in support of the science lesson plans. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the independent variable (IV)? A) type of science group B) science knowledge at the beginning of the year C) science knowledge at the end of the year D) age of the fifth graders

Deandre is a new teacher at a local elementary school. He decides to conduct a brief study testing the fifth graders' knowledge of science at the beginning of the school year and at the end of the school year. He will randomly assign students to either a "hands-on" science group that does experiments with each lesson plan or to a "video" science group that assigns videos and online tutorials in support of the science lesson plans. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the dependent variable (DV)? A) type of science group B) pretest and posttest of science knowledge C) gender of fifth graders D) age of the fifth graders

Typically, following the completion of a study, participants are _____ regarding the true purpose of the study. A) debriefed B) provided informed consent C) informed of the study protocol D) informed of the distractor items

Knowing what you know about sample bias, which would be the best and most representative sample to address the following research question: Does an individual's geographic origin and gender affect their belief in the 2^nd constitutional amendment and personal gun ownership? A) a sample of male residents in Alabama between the ages of 18 years and 45 years B) a random sample of male and female residents from each state in the United States between the ages of 18 years and 99 years C) a random sample of residents from six southern states and six western states between the ages of 18 and 99 years D) a sample of residents in Vermont between the ages of 18 years and 65 years

Abel is conducting a study examining the prevalence of skin cancer and decides to sample residents in Hollywood, California who frequent the "Tan a Day" tanning salon. Abel randomly selects participants from this sample, but Abel's study likely suffers from: A) lack of reliability. B) hypothesis-guessing. C) sample bias. D) lack of power.

Marcia needs to conduct a research study as part of her statistics project. Marcia decides that is it just easier to ask peers in her introduction to psychology class to complete her research survey and does not seek participants elsewhere. Marcia is engaging in: A) simple random sampling. B) stratified random sampling. C) convenience sampling. D) cluster sampling.

Dr. Henries decided that it would be too difficult and costly to assess all bilingual students among three states receiving federal funding for bilingual studies. Dr. Henries serves as an advisor to the bilingual club on campus as well as advisor to the foreign-language students. Dr. Henries's most cost efficient and timely option for sampling would be: A) simple random sampling. B) stratified random sampling. C) cluster sampling. D) convenience sampling.

Dr. Vela is studying comorbid substance use disorders and anxiety disorders among African Americans, non-Hispanic white Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans between 15 years and 65 years of age. Dr. Vela is using a: A) multigroup design. B) factorial design. C) case study design. D) repeated measures design.

Dr. Arturo is studying obsessive compulsive disorder and tic disorders among individuals identifying as male, female, and transgender between the ages of 10 years old and 80 years old. Dr. Arturo is using a: A) case study design. B) factorial design. C) multigroup design. D) repeated measures design.

Mr. McGrew is interested in the various types of butterflies throughout the United States. He is most interested in the differences in flying patterns among butterflies with origins in New England, the gulf states, the midwestern states, and the western states. Mr. McGrew randomly selects butterflies from each area and introduces small temperature changes to their habitat. Mr. McGrew is using a: A) case study design. B) factorial design. C) matched pair design. D) multigroup design.

Researchers are inclined to use multigroup designs because there are a number of advantages to such a paradigm. Each of the following is considered an advantage of multigroup design, EXCEPT: A) the ability to test functional or nonlinear relationships. B) the ability to query and test multiple levels of the independent variable in one study. C) the requirement to use collateral information and multiple methodological strategies. D) the need to use fewer participants to test hypotheses.

Dr. Pinner is interested in studying the association between likeability and popularity and plans on using two groups and three levels of the independent variable. Dr. Pinner will randomly select a group of elementary school students and a group of high school students. Students will then to do three different performance activities in front of their peers. Dr. Pinner is likely to find: A) a linear relationship. B) a functional relationship. C) a polynomial regression. D) a quadratic function.

Dr. Harmon is interested in examining the association between footwear preferences and socioeconomic status among young children, older children, adolescents, young adults, and older adults. The identified footwear preferences are categorized as: sneakers, flip-fops, slip-ons, high-heels, and boots. Dr. Harmon is likely to find which type of relationship when examining her data? A) linear relationship B) quadratic function C) polynomial regression D) functional relationship

Dr. Lumen's recent findings support the notion that his null hypothesis is false. This would suggest that Dr. Lumen's study: A) had a low degree of power. B) had a moderate to high degree of power. C) had an absence of power. D) did not yield any significant results.

Dr. Green's recent study resulted in confirming the null hypothesis as true. This would imply that Dr. Green's study: A) had a low degree of power. B) had a moderate to high degree of power. C) had a linear relationship. D) did not yield any significant results.

One of the most common ways to maximize a study's ability to find real differences between groups is to make all efforts to: A) decrease the sample size. B) increase power. C) decrease effect size. D) decrease p.

If a researcher unintentionally introduces another variable into an experimental design, this is referred to as: A) a confound. B) a practice effect. C) a cohort effect. D) maturation.

Dr. Primrose is studying sleep disturbances among young adults and conducts experiments at different times during the night for each patient and monitors their sleep patterns at different points in their sleep cycles. Without realizing it, Dr. Primrose has introduced: A) confounds. B) practice effects. C) cohort effects. D) maturation effects.

A 2009 study examining the effects of the temperature of a room on social relationships found that: A) individuals who waited in a room with higher temperatures exhibited more interest in social relations. B) individuals who waited in a room with colder temperatures exhibited more interest in social relations. C) individuals who waited in a room with higher temperatures stood farther away from other participants. D) individuals who waited in a room with colder temperatures stood closer to other participants.

Monique and Ramon were both randomly assigned to a group as part of an extra credit research study for their sociology class. Monique had to drink 5 cups of coffee before completing a brief knowledge quiz. Ramon was asked to only complete the brief knowledge quiz. Ramon was likely assigned to the: A) placebo group. B) experimental group. C) empty control group. D) baseline group.

Linn is developing a research study and wants to include a group in his study that only completes the depression questionnaire and alcohol use questionnaire and does not receive any of the experimental manipulations. Linn is thinking about implementing a(n): A) empty control group. B) experimental group. C) placebo group. D) baseline group.

Mona enrolled in a clinical trial for a local vitamin company. Mona was told by the experimenters that she was taking a new organic plant-based energy supplement that would boost her energy and increase her memory. Mona reported that she thought more clearly and was more easily able to get up in the morning and get her day started. At the end of the 8-week clinical trial, the researchers informed Mona that she was taking a sugar pill and that this pill had no scientific effect on her energy or memory. Mona was in the: A) empty control group. B) experimental group. C) placebo group. D) baseline group.

Carmina was developing a study for her introduction to research course and wanted to use a multigroup design. Based on her research question she needs to include a group in which participants believe they are getting some treatment, but in fact are not receiving any treatment. Carmina is considering using a: A) empty control group. B) placebo group. C) experimental group. D) baseline group.

Placebo groups are often used in multigroup designs because: A) they are cost effective because you don't have to purchase an additional treatment for participants. B) they help determine how much the participants' responses are due to their expectation rather than the treatment itself. C) they help determine the true score for participants on the dependent variable in relation to the response to treatment. D) they are required in order to conduct a comprehensive multigroup design.

Jayna recently participated in a study at the local university hospital. As she was waiting in the study's waiting room the staff approached her and apologized for the temperature in the room. She was informed that the temperature of the waiting room would continue to increase because the thermostat was broken and was scheduled to be fixed later that week. Researchers provided her with cold beverages and warm beverages as she waited and had her complete some measures while she was waiting to be called. Little did Jayna know that she was already part of the study. There was nothing wrong with the waiting room's temperature and researchers monitored the numbers of beverages she drank and found that she only had cold beverages and noted multiple times how hot and uncomfortable the room was. Jayna was most likely in the: A) placebo group. B) empty control group. C) experimental group. D) baseline group.

Dr. Hoffman developed a multigroup research study which randomly assigned participants into 5 experimental conditions. What is the minimum number of participants Dr. Hoffman will need across all 5 conditions to yield adequate power? A) 50 B) 75 C) 120 D) 150

Dr. Hardin is interested in studying eating disorders among first-generation, second-generation, and third-generation immigrants. She has separated her participants into their respective groups and interviewed them, as well as provided them with self-report questionnaires to complete. For Dr. Hardin to achieve adequate power for her study what is the minimum number of participants she would need in each generational condition? A) 30 B) 60 C) 90 D) 120

Dr. Dupuis has been conducting the same study for multiple years in a row, but never seems to yield enough power to make any predictions based on the study results. Dr. Dupuis has seven experimental conditions based on treatment modalities for personality disorders. What is the total minimum number of participants Dr. Dupuis would need in order to yield adequate power? A) 180 B) 210 C) 360 D) 420

A general rule is that you should have at least _____ participants per condition to yield adequate power to make predictions based on results. A) 10 B) 15 C) 25 D) 30

Which of the following is noted as a key to minimizing systematic differences between multigroup design conditions before a study begins? A) removal of covariates B) repeated measure design C) random assignment D) cluster sampling

Dr. Herrin was lecturing to his students about random assignment and noted that random assignment is integral to reduce _____ before a study begins. A) power B) random error C) systematic error D) regression to the mean

Which of the following is the most accurate description of random assignment? A) using a numbers table to generate a string of digits in order to determine which participants will be selected for each experimental condition B) choosing all blonde participants for one group and all redheads for the other groups C) having participants guess a number between 1 and 100 and put those who guess correctly in one group and those who guess incorrectly in the other group D) placing all individuals younger than 35 years in one group and those older than 35 years in the other groups

Dr. Trudeau is in the process of a developing a(n) _____ to help standardize participants' experiences and assist researchers in systematically providing instructions to participants. A) adaptive clinical trial B) clinical trial C) protocol D) condition

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence of steps in carrying out a study? A) proceed with manipulation, obtain informed consent, complete dependent measures B) obtain informed consent, proceed with manipulation, complete dependent measures C) complete dependent measures, obtain informed consent, proceed with manipulation D) complete dependent measures, proceed with manipulation, obtain informed consent

It is very common for manipulation check questions to be embedded within the _____ on a questionnaire. A) demographic items B) dependent variable items C) distractor items D) informed consent

When inputting data into statistical software it is important to ensure that the appropriate data is being placed in the correct cells. Dr. Lure's research assistant is unsure of where to place the following value notations: 1 = control group, 2 = stimulant medication, 3 = depressant medication. How should the research assistant include this information? A) in a column for each dependent measure B) in a column representing the independent variable C) in a column representing the dependent variable D) in a row for each participant

Dr. Warren just completed a study examining specific phobias experienced by adults. One measure Dr. Warren used was a self-report measure of experienced phobias. Dr. Warren should calculate the _____ of this measure before completing any statistical analyses to test his hypothesis. A) Cohen's d B) point biserial correlation C) Cronbach's alpha D) kappa coefficient

Dr. Lugo is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for a one-way analysis of variance as: A) a statistical test in which both variables are categorical and which determines if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. B) a statistical test that examines all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. C) a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. D) a statistical test that allows a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Dr. Reddick is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for post-hoc analyses as: A) statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and which determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. B) statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. C) statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. D) statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Dr. Spruill conducted a one-way ANOVA on a set of data examining political opinions after participants watched different propaganda footage from different eras. Each condition saw a different reel of footage and one condition simply watched a movie with no political agenda. Dr. Spruill's one-way ANOVA yielded significant results, but it was not able to tell him where the specific difference existed. Dr. Spruill will need to follow-up with which analysis to test all possible combinations of the conditions? A) post-hoc analyses B) planned contrasts C) independent sample t-test D) factorial analysis

Dr. Hsu conducted a one-way ANOVA on a set of data examining digestive reaction to the smell of food and watching food preparation. Dr. Hsu had multiple experimental conditions. Dr. Hsu's one-way ANOVA yielded significant results, but the analysis was not able to tell him where the specific differences existed. Dr. Hsu will need to follow-up with which analysis to test all possible combinations of the conditions? A) matched samples test B) planned contrasts C) independent sample t test D) post-hoc analyses

Dr. Raymond is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. She notes the definition for exploratory analyses as: A) statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and which determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. B) statistical tests where researchers look for potential differences that were not predicted prior to the study. C) statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. D) statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Dr. Castillo is interested in examining all possible combinations of conditions in his study examining obedience to authority for different generations. His initial analyses yielded significant results. Dr. Castillo is interested in: A) planned contrasts. B) post-hoc analyses. C) independent samples t-test. D) paired samples t-test.

Dr. Crouse made specific predictions in the development phase of his study regarding which comparisons between conditions would yield significant results. Dr. Crouse conducted _____ to produce such data. A) planned contrasts B) post-hoc analyses C) an independent samples t-test D) a paired samples t-test

The F statistic included in a results write-up for a one-way ANOVA includes all of the following information, EXCEPT: A) F score. B) Cronbach's alpha. C) between-subjects degrees of freedom. D) within-subjects degrees of freedom.

Dr. Copeland noted the following results in her manuscript: F(3, 116) = .80, p = .01, eta² = .27. Which of the following numbers represents between-subjects degrees of freedom in this results write-up? A) 3 B) 116 C) .80 D) .27

Dr. Copeland noted the following results in her manuscript: F(3, 116) = .80, p = .01, eta² = .27. Which of the following numbers represents within-subjects degrees of freedom in this results write-up? A) 3 B) 116 C) .80 D) .27

Dr. Copeland noted the following results in her manuscript: F(3, 116) = .80, p = .01, eta² = .27. Which of the following numbers represents the F score in this results write-up? A) 3 B) 116 C) .80 D) .27

Dr. Copeland noted the following results in her manuscript: F(3, 116) = .80, p = .01, eta² = .27. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up? A) 3 B) 116 C) .80 D) .27

Dr. Copeland noted the following results in her manuscript: F(3, 116) = .80, p = .01, eta² = .27. Which of the following numbers represents the significance level in this result write-up? A) 3 B) .80 C) .27 D) .01

Which of the following is a results write-up for an ANOVA? A) ²(3, N= 347) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .30 B) F(2, 94) = .72, p = .02, eta² = .30 C) t(154) = -1.00, p = .32 D)  = .24, p = .004, R² for the model = .05

Warren randomly assigned 60 participants to describe a positive childhood memory, a negative childhood memory, or a neutral childhood memory and then complete a mood questionnaire. Warrens wants to compare the "neutral condition" with the other two conditions. Which statistic is appropriate to use? A) a one-way ANOVA B) independent samples t-test C) planned contrast D) post-hoc tests

Beck randomly assigned 60 participants to describe a positive childhood memory, a negative childhood memory, or a neutral childhood memory and then complete a mood questionnaire. Beck wants the overall differences between groups. Which statistic is appropriate to use? A) a one-way ANOVA B) independent samples t-test C) planned contrast D) post-hoc tests

Dr. Eggleston is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for a chi-square test of independence as: A) a statistical test in which both variables are categorical and which determines if the distribution of participants across categories is what would happen if there were no difference between the groups. B) a statistical test that examines all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. C) a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. D) a statistical test that allows a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Dr. Moye is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for planned contrasts as: A) statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and which determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. B) statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. C) statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. D) statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Dr. Wadsworth used census data to estimate the number of individuals who would meet criteria for participation in his study. Dr. Wadsworth is examining both single-parent and two-parent families receiving federal assistance. One group includes single-parents currently seeking higher education and the other group includes two-parent households receiving federal assistance with either parent currently seeking higher education. Dr. Wadsworth expects 54 males and 72 females in his single-parent family group and 32 males and 44 females in his two-parent family group. After data collection is complete Dr. Wadsworth wants to make sure the distribution is not significantly different among the groups. Dr. Wadsworth needs to conduct a(n): A) one-way ANOVA. B) chi-square test of independence. C) independent samples t-test. D) multiple regression.

The variable must be _____ in order to conduct a chi-square test of independence. A) ordinal B) interval C) continuous D) nominal

Dr. Pantoja conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions to determine if the distribution among 175 participants was as expected. Dr. Pantoja was studying sleep cycles for various age groups with and without sleep apnea. Dr. Pantoja's results did not yield a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a chi-square test of independence? A) d(3, 175) = 11.83, p = .01 B) ²(3, 175) = 11.83, p = .55, ᶲ = .30 C) ² (3, 175) = 11.83, p = .01, eta² = .22 D) F(3, 200) = 11.83, p = .42, eta² = .02

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the standard deviation for the dog fear condition? A) 7.1 B) 4.20 C) 2.20 D) .67

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the standard deviation for the spider fear condition? A) 7.1 B) 4.20 C) 2.20 D) .67

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the F score? A) 7.1 B) 4.20 C) 2.20 D) .67

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the significant level? A) 7.1 B) .03 C) 2.20 D) .67

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the between-subjects degrees of freedom? A) 21 B) 92 C) 2 D) .67

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the within-subjects degrees of freedom? A) 21 B) 92 C) 2 D) .67

Duane has been seeing a social science writing tutor to help him better understand the process of writing up the results section for his recent study. Of specific difficulty for Duane is recognizing the appropriate symbols used in statistical writing. If Duane wanted to specify the results of a Chi-Square, which symbol would be the most appropriate? A)  B) ² C)  D) 

Dr. Choi conducted a one-way ANOVA to test whether participant's responses in the psychotherapy treatment condition were different from participants' responses to treatment in both the antidepressant medication and supportive listening conditions as a whole. Dr. Choi did not find a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a one-way ANOVA? A) d(2, 79) = 2.27, p = .02 B) (2, 79) = 2.27, p = .02, eta² = .30 C) F(2, 79) = 2.27, p = .02, eta² = .30 D) F(2, 79) = 2.27, p = .42, eta² = .02

Dr. Ean wants to determine whether mood responses from participants in different colored rooms differed from one another. He is mostly interested in determining if participants' moods differed in the yellow room compared with both the red and blue rooms as a whole. Dr. Ean is interested in conducting a(n): A) ANOVA. B) one-way ANOVA. C) chi-square. D) matched samples test.

The dependent variable must be _____ in order to conduct an ANOVA. A) ordinal B) interval C) continuous D) nominal

Dr. Neff conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions to determine if the distribution among 200 participants was as expected. Dr. Neff was studying sleep cycles for various age groups with and without sleep apnea. Dr. Neff's results yielded a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a chi-square test of independence? A) d(3, 200) = 13.49, p = .01 B) ²(3, 200) = 13.49, p = .55, eta² = .30 C) ² (3, 200) = 13.49, p = .01, ᶲ = .22 D) F(3, 200) = 13.49, p = .42, eta² = .02

Dr. Nixon noted the following Chi-square test of independence results: ²(6, N= 311) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the degrees of freedom in this results write-up? A) 311 B) 6 C) 10.72 D) .20

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: ²(6, N= 311) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the number of participants in this results write-up? A) 311 B) 6 C) 10.72 D) .20

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: ²(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the chi-square score in this results write-up? A) 422 B) 6 C) 10.72 D) .20

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: ²(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up? A) 422 B) 6 C) 10.72 D) .20

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: ²(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the significance level in this results write-up? A) 422 B) .001 C) 10.72 D) .20

Which of the following is a results write-up for a chi-square test of independence? A) ²(3, N= 347) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .30 B) F(2, 94) = .72, p = .02, eta² = .30 C) t(154) = -1.00, p = .32 D)  = .24, p = .004, R² for the model = .05

To determine if food allergies influence participants' taste palate, researchers conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions . Based on this information, what was the number of participants in this study? A) 10 B) 30 C) 60 D) 90

To determine if food allergies influence participants' taste palate, researchers conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions . Based on this information, what was the degrees of freedom in this study? A) 3 B) 10 C) 60 D) .30

To determine if food allergies influence participants' taste palate, researchers conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions . Based on this information, what was the effect size for this study? A) .001 B) 10.09 C) .002 D) .30

To determine if food allergies influence participants' taste palate, researchers conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions . Based on this information, what is the chi-square score for those in the gluten allergy condition compared with others for this study? A) .001 B) 10.72 C) 10.09 D) .30

To determine if food allergies influence participants' taste palate, researchers conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions . Based on this information, what is the chi-square score for the overall study comparing all conditions for this study? A) .001 B) 10.72 C) 10.09 D) .30

Dr. Ross runs a one-way analysis of variance to test whether participants' responses in the spider fear condition were different from participants' responses in both the rat and dog fear conditions as a whole. Dr. Ross found a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a one-way ANOVA? A) F(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .70, eta² = .30 B) F(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .02, eta² = .30 C) d(2, 102) = 4.21, eta² = .30 D) (2, 102) = 4.21, p = .02

_____ is a statistic that is computed in an effort to provide insight regarding the internal consistency reliability of a scale for a given sample. A) Cohen's d B) Cronbach's alpha C) Jaccard's J D) The kappa coefficient

(Scenario I) The presentation duration of the visual stimulus was a(n) _____ in Scenario I. A) independent variable B) dependent variable C) confounding variable D) control variable

(Scenario I) As illustrated in the figure, the researchers in Scenario I found that response time was affected by preview time but only when preview time was 529 ms or greater. This demonstrates a _____ relationship between the variables. A) significant B) nonsignificant C) linear D) nonlinear

(Scenario I) What is a potential confound in the study described in Scenario I? A) age group B) temperature C) preview time D) response time

(Scenario I) In Scenario I there are five preview conditions. Adults in both age groups are equally divided between the five preview conditions. If there are 100 older adults and 100 younger adults in the study, there would be _____ participants in each preview condition. A) 5 B) 20 C) 40 D) 100

(Scenario I) In order to determine which preview times affected response speed, the researchers in Scenario I would have had to conduct a(n): A) ANOVA. B) chi-square test of independence. C) post-hoc test. D) planned contrast test.

(Scenario II) Which of the following was a dependent variable in Scenario II? A) treatment condition B) vascular density C) exercise D) time to traverse tightrope

(Scenario II) In Scenario II, experience was operationally defined as: A) voluntary exercise. B) forced exercise. C) acrobat training. D) all of the above.

(Scenario II) Which of the following is NOT true of the study described in Scenario II? A) The researchers are unable to make causal statements about the effect of experience on brain plasticity because the subjects are rats. B) The design had sufficient power to detect experience-dependent brain changes. C) The researchers are able to make multiple two-group comparisons. D) It would have been ethically impossible have used human participants as subjects.

(Scenario II) Suppose the vendor who sold the rats to the researchers in Scenario II only had 20 rats left. The researchers needed a total of 40 rats to conduct this study, so they buy the remaining 20 from another vendor. The strain and sex of the rats from both vendors are identical, but the age of the rats from one vendor is older than the rats from the second vendor. Which of the following is a potential problem for this study? A) Changes in vasculature may be due to the age of the rat, and not the treatment it was exposed to. B) The small sample size makes it impossible to establish internal validity. C) The study is confounded because vendor type is an uncontrolled variable. D) There are no potential problems because the researchers ensured that all rats were randomly assigned to the treatment conditions.

(Scenario II) According to Scenario II, Black and colleagues used an ANOVA to analyze their data. Of the statements below, which would the ANOVA be able to support? A) Vascular density is greater in rats permitted to voluntarily exercise than in those reared in standard lab cages. B) Synapse density is greater in rats trained on an acrobat task relative to rats reared in standard lab cages. C) Experience has an effect on vascular density and synapse density. D) All of the above.

(Scenario III) A follow-up study was done using a human sample. Instead of chow the human participants were given pre-made meals for the duration of the study. To help prevent the participants from identifying the purpose of the study, they were told to complete the Fatigue Scale (FS) each evening. In this study, Amber was in a high protein /low carb/low fat condition and her classmate, Jeff, was tested in a low protein/high carb/high fat condition. After sharing their experiences with each other they determined that the study was probably about the relationship between diet and fatigue. Amber and Jeff are engaging in: A) hypothesis-testing. B) hypothesis-speculating. C) hypothesis-guessing. D) hypothesis-determining.

(Scenario III) The researchers involved in the study described in Scenario III want to conduct a follow-up study to determine the minimum amount of fat in a diet that leads to weight gain. To determine whether there is a linear relationship between amount of fat in one's diet and weight gain, the researchers should: A) manipulate the amount of fat in the chow so it has at least three levels. B) measure weight a minimum of three times. C) control for the body mass of the mice. D) ensure only physically sedentary mice participate in the study.

(Scenario III) Suppose the researchers in Scenario III initially designed the study so that the mice were on their respective diets for only one week. After finding no effect of diet on weight, they decided to increase the length of exercise to one month. The design change from 7 days to 30 days most likely affected the study's: A) power. B) external validity. C) hypothesis. D) reliability

(Scenario III) In order to conclude that the only the treatments with the highest fat content led to weight gain, the authors of Scenario III must have: A) had a large enough sample size. B) conducted a post-hoc test. C) assigned participants nonrandomly to treatment conditions. D) used a double-blind procedure.

(Scenario III) After their primary analysis, the researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III counted the number of mice in each treatment condition that gained 10 or more grams. Which statistical test is appropriate to determine whether the number of mice that gained more than 10 grams is what is expected if treatment condition has no effect on weight? A) t-test B) post-hoc analysis C) one-factor ANOVA D) chi-square test of independence

Research suggests that the smell of a clean room elicits all of the follow behaviors, EXCEPT: A) reciprocity. B) charity. C) self-interested behavior. D) volunteering.

The independent variable (IV) is the variable in a research design that is: A) manipulated. B) the byproduct. C) the outcome. D) not influencing the outcome.

Which of the following refers to when the participant actively attempts to identify the purpose of a research study? A) active deception B) pluralism C) hypothesis-guessing D) confounding

The dependent variable (DV) is the variable in a research design that is: A) manipulated. B) influencing the outcome. C) controlled. D) the byproduct.

_____ refers to employing the use of multiple methods or strategies to answer a research question. A) Methodological pluralism B) Multigroup design C) Exploratory analyses D) Post-hoc testing

_____ is an experimental strategy with implementation of three or more groups. A) Methodological pluralism B) Multigroup design C) Exploratory group analyses D) Post-hoc testing

The association between the perception of global warming and hot or cold temperatures only in a room was found to have a _____ relationship. A) functional B) linear C) nonlinear D) curvilinear

In examining more than two participant groups or levels of an independent variable it is possible to discover: A) linear relationships. B) functional relationships. C) nonexistent relationships. D) circular relationships.

The study's ability to find differences between variables when there is a real difference is referred to as: A) probability. B) power. C) post-hoc. D) confound.

The probability that the study will yield significant results is referred to as: A) power. B) placebo. C) post-hoc. D) a confound.

If researchers unintentionally manipulate another variable or construct in a study, then _____ has also been introduced into the experiment. A) power B) a placebo C) post-hoc D) a confound

Researchers set up a multigroup design and added a group that does not receive any form of the treatment and just completed the dependent variables in the experiment. This group is referred to as the: A) control group. B) empty control group. C) placebo group. D) baseline group.

In an experiment, the group in which participants believe they are getting the treatment, but in fact are not receiving any type of treatment or manipulation, is referred to as the: A) control group. B) empty control group. C) placebo group. D) baseline group.

In an experiment studying caffeine intoxication, which of the following would be considered a placebo? A) sugar pill B) caffeine pill C) green tea pill D) coffee

If you have a multigroup design with eight groups, what is the minimum number of participants you should have for reasonable power in your study? A) 50 B) 150 C) 240 D) 600

A general rule suggests that you should have _____ participants per condition for adequate power. A) 10 B) 15 C) 25 D) 30

_____ is key to minimizing systematic differences between conditions before a study even begins. A) Reciprocity B) A chi-square test of independence C) A baseline group D) Random assignment

A _____ is a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. A) chi-square test of independence B) one-way analysis of variance C) two-way analysis of variance D) multiple regression

_____ are tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. A) A priori tests B) Post-hoc tests C) Planned contrasts D) Paired samples t-tests

_____ is a statistical test in which both variables are categorical. This test generally tells us if the distribution of participants across categories is different from what would be happen if there were no difference between the groups. A) Exploratory analysis B) An a priori test C) A chi-square test of independence D) And independent samples t-test

What database was used to perform an extensive literature review regarding the climate change study discussed in the text? A) EBSCO B) PsycINFO C) JSTOR D) Google Scholar

In a 2008 study examining the cognitive benefits of interacting with nature it was found that: A) individuals who walked in a downtown area compared with those who walked in a park performed better on attention tasks. B) individuals who experienced flooding performed worse on attention tasks. C) individuals who walked in a park compared with those who walked in a downtown area performed better on attention tasks. D) individuals who walked in a park compared with those who walked in a downtown area performed worse on attention tasks.

In a 2008 study examining the effect of experiencing physical warmth on the manifestation of interpersonal warmth found: A) those participants who held a hot object were more likely to take a gift for themselves rather than a friend. B) those participants who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality less favorably. C) those participants who held the cold cup rated the other person's personality more favorably. D) those participants who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality more favorably.

In a study examining Internet gaming, which of the following variables would be considered the independent variable based on this research question: How does duration of Internet gaming influence the gamer's attitudes toward social interaction with peers? A) social interaction B) peers C) duration of gaming D) type of games

In a study examining physical health, which of the following variables would be considered the independent variable based on this research question: How does the frequency of contact with animals influence an elderly patient's physical health based on doctors' reports? A) frequency of animal contact B) peers C) physical health D) frequency of doctor visits

In a study examining social interaction, which of the following variables would be considered the dependent variable based on this research question: How does the number of close friends a child reports influence his or her social and emotional competency with unfamiliar peers? A) quantity of close friends B) peers C) emotional health D) social and emotional competency

In a study examining sleep, which of the following variables would be considered the dependent variable based on this research question: How does the duration of sleep influence productivity at work for individuals with sleep apnea? A) diagnosis of sleep apnea B) productivity at work C) physical health D) duration of sleep

Researchers decide to use self-report, teacher report, and parent report data, as well as sociometric data from peers. These researchers are employing _____ to help answer the desired research question. A) baseline data B) power C) methodological pluralism D) multilevel design

In an experiment studying biological treatment effectiveness for ADHD in adults, which of the following would be considered a placebo? A) a sugar pill B) a caffeine pill C) a Ritalin pill D) an Adderall pill

If you have a multigroup design with 12 groups, roughly what is the minimum number of participants you should have for reasonable power in your study? A) 250 B) 360 C) 470 D) 660

If you have a multigroup design with four groups, roughly what is the minimum number of participants you should have for reasonable power in your study? A) 75 B) 100 C) 120 D) 220

Which of the following statements is true regarding post-hoc tests and planned contrasts? A) Both statistical tests are planned ahead of time. B) Post-hoc statistical tests examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that not all of them were predicted ahead of time. C) Neither statistical test compares between groups. D) Post-hoc tests combine two conditions so you can compare them with a third.

_____ is a statistical test researchers use to look for potential differences that they did not anticipate or predict prior to the study. A) A one-way ANOVA B) Multiple regression C) A chi-square D) Exploratory analysis

Which of the following statistics is produced by an ANOVA? A) T statistic B) F statistic C) P statistic D) R statistic

Dr. Omar noted the following results in his manuscript: F(4, 220) = .72, p = .03, eta² = .40. Which of the following numbers represents the F score in this results write-up? A) 4 B) 220 C) .72 D) .40

_____ are statistical tests that allow researchers to test comparisons between groups that are predicted ahead of time. A) Planned contrasts B) Post-hoc tests C) Exploratory analyses D) Paired samples t-tests

Which of the following is the symbol for chi-square? A)  B) ² C)  D) ²

What is the symbol for effect size? A)  B)  C) ᶲ D) 

In an experimental design, if participants were not influenced by the _____, there really was not an experiment. A) dependent variable B) manipulation C) confound variable D) covariate

A higher standard deviation in one group compared with others suggests that participants in that group endorsed _____ of responses. A) a narrower band B) a wider variety C) a limited number D) an absence