Question 1

- The non-monotonic lag effect (Cepeda et al., 2008)refers to:

Accepted Answer

The non-monotonic lag effect refers to the pattern of improvement in learning and memory that initially increases with increasing time intervals between study sessions (lag effect) but then decreases at longer intervals. This effect has been demonstrated in various types of memory tasks, including verbal learning, motor skill learning, and visual memory. It suggests that there is an optimal lag between study sessions that maximizes retention, and that longer or shorter lags may be suboptimal.

Question 2

- Astin (1993)reported that the SECOND best predictor of self-reported writing skill was:

Accepted Answer

E

Question 3

- Latent inhibition refers to which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Latent inhibition refers to the phenomenon where repeated presentation of a neutral stimulus impairs its later ability to elicit a conditioned response. This can occur when the neutral stimulus is presented before the conditioning stimulus in a classical conditioning paradigm.

Question 4

In a 2011 study, Jeff Karpicke and Janell Blunt asked students to study a science text under one of four conditions (study, repeated study, concept mapping, retrieval practice). They found that:

Accepted Answer

The study by Karpicke and Blunt found that retrieval practice (testing oneself) led to better long-term retention compared to other study methods like concept mapping or repeated study, yet participants underestimated its effectiveness.

Question 5

- What phenomenon does "change blindness" refer to?

Accepted Answer

Change blindness refers to the phenomenon where people fail to notice significant changes in visual scenes. For example, in a video where a person is talking and then switches places with someone else during the conversation, viewers may not notice the switch if they are not paying close attention. This can happen even if the switch occurs right in front of them.

Question 6

- According to Baddeley and Longman (1978), postal workers who spent a single one-hour session learning to type per day on a distributed practice schedule showed which of the following pattern of results, compared to postal workers using massed learning?

Accepted Answer

Baddeley and Longman's study found that distributed practice led to better learning outcomes, including fewer training hours, faster performance improvement, better long-term retention, and less satisfaction with the training schedule.

Question 7

The three subcategories of implicit memory presented in the chapter are:

Accepted Answer

The three subcategories of implicit memory presented in the chapter are classical conditioning, priming, and procedural learning. Therefore, option B is the correct choice as it includes these subcategories. Option A includes repetition suppression as a subcategory, which is incorrect. Option C includes change blindness and retrieval-based learning as subcategories, which are not part of implicit memory. Option D includes encoding variability and inhibition as subcategories, which are also not part of implicit memory. Option E includes consolidation and monotonic lag effect as subcategories, which are not mentioned in the chapter.

Question 8

- Robert and Elizabeth Bjork's studies investigating retrieval-based learning showed that:

Accepted Answer

The Bjork's studies showed that the more difficult the retrieval test is, the greater the benefit of a successful retrieval. This is known as the desirable difficulty effect, where introducing challenges during learning can improve long-term memory retention.

Question 9

- Evaluative conditioning refers to which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Evaluative conditioning refers to the phenomenon where one's liking of a stimulus is influenced by how frequently it is followed by pleasant or unpleasant stimuli. The repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a positive or negative outcome can result in the neutral stimulus acquiring the positive or negative valence. This process is often used in marketing and advertising to associate a product with positive emotions or attributes.

Question 10

- The general method of stem completion conceivably COULD be used in which type of test?

Accepted Answer

The general method of stem completion can be used in various types of tests, including explicit tests (where the participant is aware of what is being tested), implicit tests (where the participant is not aware of the exact nature of what is being tested), priming tests (which measure the influence of a primed stimulus on the response to a subsequent stimulus), and even in guessing scenarios. This method is versatile and can be adapted to different testing contexts.

Question 11

- What is the relationship between sleep and memory:

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have found that sleep plays a crucial role in consolidating memory, which means that it enhances memory. During sleep, the brain actively replays events from the day, which helps encode and strengthen memories. Studies have shown that people who get enough sleep after learning a new task are better able to remember it than those who are sleep-deprived.

Question 12

- A hallmark of habits is that they often persist when rewards for their outcomes are lessened or removed. This is known as:

Accepted Answer

Outcome devaluation refers to the phenomenon where a habit persists even when the rewards for its outcomes are lessened or removed. This is because habits are automatic behaviors that are not necessarily driven by immediate rewards but rather by cues in the environment that trigger the behavior. Therefore, even if the reward for the behavior is no longer present, the habit may still persist due to the strong associations between the cue and the behavior.

Question 13

- In Bechara et al.'s (1995)study, a patient with damage to the ___ failed to demonstrate increased skin conductance to a color paired with a sound, despite being able to recall the colors in the experiment and the one that co-occurred with the noise.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is involved in the processing of emotional information and is responsible for the physiological response to emotional stimuli. In Bechara et al.'s (1995) study, the patient with damage to the amygdala failed to demonstrate increased skin conductance to a color paired with a sound, despite being able to recall the colors in the experiment and the one that co-occurred with the noise. This suggests that the amygdala may be necessary for the physiological response to emotional stimuli, even when the individual is able to recall the information.

Question 14

- Repetition priming refers to which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The answer of - Repetition priming refers to which phenomenon?...

Question 15

Ebbinghaus primarily focused on studying which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus is well-known for his work on the forgetting curve, which describes the rate at which information is forgotten over time. He was particularly interested in how quickly information is forgotten and how repetition can aid in the retention of information. This focus on the rate of learning and forgetting makes answer choice E the best option.

Question 16

- Studies confirmed that divided attention:

Accepted Answer

Divided attention is detrimental for learning because it reduces the ability to focus and process information effectively, leading to poorer retention and understanding.

Question 17

- The idea that the amount learned directly corresponds to the time spent learning is called the:

Accepted Answer

The idea that the amount learned directly corresponds to the time spent learning is called the total time hypothesis. This suggests that the more time spent on a task, the more we will learn from it.

Question 18

In a 2014 study, Mathias Gruber, Bernard Gelman, and Charan Ranganath used fMRI to investigate what curiosity does to the brain. They found that when people felt very curious about a soon- to-be-received answer, this increased activity in which brain regions?

Accepted Answer

The study found that curiosity increases activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Accumbens, which are associated with the brain's reward system.

Question 19

- Ericsson:

Accepted Answer

Ericsson is known for his work on deliberate practice, which argues that becoming an expert requires purposeful and focused effort over a sustained period of time. He worked with Anders K. Ericsson on a study of violinists which popularized the idea that it takes 10,000 hours of practice to become an expert.

Question 20

- The study by Xue et al., 2010, compared the study-phase retrieval hypothesis with the encoding variability hypothesis. The data:

Accepted Answer

The study by Xue et al., 2010, provided strong support for the study-phase retrieval hypothesis, which suggests that the act of retrieving information during the study phase enhances memory consolidation and retrieval strategies.

Quiz 5: Learning

- The non-monotonic lag effect (Cepeda et al., 2008) refers to:

- Astin (1993) reported that the SECOND best predictor of self-reported writing skill was: