Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

- The non-monotonic lag effect (Cepeda et al., 2008)refers to: A.The detrimental effect of boredom on learning B.The boosting effect of curiosity on learning and memory C.A synonym of instrumental conditioning D.The tendency for the lag effect to first increase and then decrease E.A key aspect of motor skill learning

Answer 1

D

Question 2

- Astin (1993)reported that the SECOND best predictor of self-reported writing skill was:
(A)Number of languages spoken fluently
(B)Number of writing skills classes taken
(C)Number of books in their apartment
(D)Age in years
(E)Amount of feedback provided by the instructor

Answer 2

E

Question 3

- Latent inhibition refers to which phenomenon?
(A)The gradual deterioration of conditioned responses
(B)Repeated presentation of a neutral stimulus impairs its later ability to elicit a conditioned response
(C)The resurfacing of a response previously believed to have been unlearned
(D)Learned helplessness
(E)A form of operant conditioning

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In a 2011 study, Jeff Karpicke and Janell Blunt asked students to study a science text under one of four conditions (study, repeated study, concept mapping, retrieval practice). They found that: A.Despite the clear superiority of the concept mapping condition, participants judged retrieval practice as more effective B.Despite the clear superiority of repeated study, participants judged concept mapping as more effective C.Despite the four conditions being equally effective, participants judged repeated study as more effective D.Despite the clear superiority of retrieval practice, participants judged retrieval practice to be the least effective E.Despite the impact of stem completion, participants judged retrieval practice and concept mapping as the most effective methods

Question 5

- What phenomenon does "change blindness" refer to?
(A)The inability to distinguish between similar coins where one is counterfeit
(B)The inability to distinguish between similar visual scenes
(C)Overlooking significant changes in the visual environment
(D)Refusal to accept changes to your perceptions and memories
(E)Congenital blindness

Question 6

- According to Baddeley and Longman (1978), postal workers who spent a single one-hour session learning to type per day on a distributed practice schedule showed which of the following pattern of results, compared to postal workers using massed learning?
(A)They were least contented with their training schedule
(B)They learned the keyboard in fewer training hours
(C)They improved their performance more rapidly
(D)They retained their skills better over the long term
(E)All of these

Question 7

The three subcategories of implicit memory presented in the chapter are: A.Classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, repetition suppression B.Classical conditioning, priming, procedural learning C.Instrumental conditioning, change blindness, retrieval-based learning D.Procedural learning, encoding variability, inhibition E.Priming, consolidation, monotonic lag effect

Question 8

- Robert and Elizabeth Bjork's studies investigating retrieval-based learning showed that: A.The easier the retrieval test is, the greater the benefit of a successful retrieval B.The more difficult the retrieval test is, the greater the benefit of a successful retrieval C.The level of difficulty of the retrieval needs to vary according to the delay D.The level of difficulty of the retrieval needs to vary according to the encoding variability hypothesis E.Retrieval based learning is less effective than restudying the material previously learned

Question 9

- Evaluative conditioning refers to which phenomenon? A.Repeated presentation of a neutral stimulus impairs its later ability to elicit a conditioned response B.Reduced reaction times in evaluating something due to lack of sleep C.The extinction of a conditioned response D.The lack of sleep conditioning memory performance E.The tendency to one's liking of a stimulus to be influenced by how frequently it is followed by pleasant or unpleasant stimuli

Question 10

- The general method of stem completion conceivably COULD be used in which type of test?
(A)Explicit
(B)Implicit
(C)All of these
(D)Priming
(E)Guessing

Question 11

- What is the relationship between sleep and memory: A.Sleep enhances memory B.Sleep inhibits memory C.Sleep is neither good nor bad for memory D.It depends on which kind of memory E.Sleep causes change blindness

Question 12

- A hallmark of habits is that they often persist when rewards for their outcomes are lessened or removed. This is known as: A.Repetition suppression B.Stem completion C.Repetition priming D.Outcome devaluation E.Latent inhibition

Question 13

- In Bechara et al.'s (1995)study, a patient with damage to the ___ failed to demonstrate increased skin conductance to a color paired with a sound, despite being able to recall the colors in the experiment and the one that co-occurred with the noise.
(A)Amygdala
(B)Hippocampus
(C)Frontal lobe
(D)Primary visual cortex
(E)Bilateral ACC

Question 14

- Repetition priming refers to which phenomenon? A.The effect of repeated study sessions on memory performance B.A form of repetitive thinking C.The tendency to one's liking of a stimulus to be influenced by how frequently it is followed by pleasant or unpleasant stimuli D.A form of instrumental conditioning E.The result of repetition suppression

Question 15

Ebbinghaus primarily focused on studying which of the following?
(A)Cross-cultural differences in memory effects
(B)The maximum capacity of memory systems
(C)The brain regions supporting memory
(D)Memory errors people typically make
(E)The rate of learning and forgetting

Question 16

- Studies confirmed that divided attention: A.Is very good for learning B.Is very detrimental for learning C.Is neither good nor bad D.Has a different effect depending on the tasks you are doing E.Causes encoding variability

Question 17

- The idea that the amount learned directly corresponds to the time spent learning is called the:
(A)Limitless learning hypothesis
(B)Learning ratio theory
(C)Parabolic studying function
(D)Total time hypothesis
(E)Matched practice theory

Question 18

In a 2014 study, Mathias Gruber, Bernard Gelman, and Charan Ranganath used fMRI to investigate what curiosity does to the brain. They found that when people felt very curious about a soon- to-be-received answer, this increased activity in which brain regions? A.Hippocampus and Amygdala B.Left-Hippocampus and Right-Amygdala C.Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus D.Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and Motor Cortex E.Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Accumbens

Question 19

- Ericsson: A.Agreed with Gladwell's 10,000 hours rule B.Argued that becoming a true expert requires deliberate practice C.Was the first one to discover the phenomenon of structural plasticity D.Extensively studied the testing effect E.Conducted a series of important experiments on change blindness

Question 20

- The study by Xue et al., 2010, compared the study-phase retrieval hypothesis with the encoding variability hypothesis. The data: A.Overwhelmingly supported the encoding variability hypothesis B.Overwhelmingly supported the study-phase retrieval hypothesis C.Contrary to their predictions, overwhelmingly supported the deficient processing hypothesis D.Did not support either of them E.Led the authors to discover the testing effect

Question 21

- According to Bliss and Lomo (1973), what is the process by which synaptic transmissions may become more effective after a cell's recent activation?
(A)Long-term permeation
(B)Short-term potentiation
(C)Back propagation
(D)Spreading activation
(E)Long-term potentiation

Question 22

- Hebb's cell assemblies occur when:
(A)Two or more nerve cells are excited simultaneously
(B)Brain cells divide
(C)New brain cells are created through neurogenesis
(D)There is a temporary change in the activity of a single neuron
(E)A node in the neural network is selectively impaired

Question 23

- The tendency for a neuron to send action potentials, given a certain amount of input is called: A.Long-term potentiation B.Intrinsic excitability C.Synaptic consolidation D.Back propagation E.Neuronal consolidation

Question 24

- The term consolidation of memory can refer to: A.Synaptic and cognitive consolidation B.Synaptic and system consolidation C.Cognitive and system consolidation D.System and linguistic consolidation E.Synaptic and neuronal consolidation

Question 25

- Verbal overshadowing refers to which process? A.The tendency to one's verbal description of a stimulus to be influenced by how frequently it is followed by pleasant or unpleasant stimuli B.The disruption of difficult to articulate knowledge when we try to verbalize it C.When a skill is practiced to the extent that it no longer requires significant attentional monitoring D.The result of a traumatic brain injury E.A form of working memory training