Question 1

According to research by Barr, Rovee-Collier, and Campanella (2005), six-month-olds evidenced deferred imitation over a 10-week period after they:
A)Were offered a reward for correct responses
B)Had seen the target actions modeled not once, but twice
C)Had been given the opportunity to engage in repeated retrieval of the action
D)Saw a peer act out the behaviour
E)Witnessed two adults modeling the behavior

Accepted Answer

Repeated retrieval of the action allows infants to consolidate the memory of the action and improve their ability to imitate it later.

Question 2

Bathelt, Gathercole, Johnson, and Astle (2017)suggested an important role for development of which part of the brain?
A)The amygdala
B)The corpus callosum
C)The hippocampus
D)The cerebellum
E)The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

In the mobile conjugate reinforcement task, the reinforcement is the:
A)Baseline phase
B)Mobile moving
C)Crib
D)Ribbon
E)Kicking response

Accepted Answer

The reinforcement in the mobile conjugate reinforcement task is the movement of the mobile, which serves as a reward for the infant's kicking response.

Question 4

Rovee-Collier found that the presentation of what yielded memory performance near its initial level, despite the test taking place after a two-week delay?
A)Larger mobile
B)Different crib
C)New experimenter
D)Reminder
E)Pacifier

Accepted Answer

Rovee-Collier found that a reminder yielded memory performance near its initial level, despite the test taking place after a two-week delay.

Question 5

Ceci and Bruck (2006)suggest that younger children are more suggestible than older ones because younger children:
A)Are less likely to have language abilities to challenge suggestive influences
B)Are more likely to yield to social pressure
C)All of these
D)Tend to be more socially incompetent
E)Are less likely to have cognitive processing abilities to challenge suggestive influences

Accepted Answer

According to the proposed reasons by Ceci and Bruck (2006), younger children are more suggestible than older ones because they are less likely to have language abilities to challenge suggestive influences, more likely to yield to social pressure, and less likely to have cognitive processing abilities to challenge suggestive influences. Therefore, choice C, which includes all of these reasons, is the best answer.

Question 6

Howe, Courage, and Edison (2003), working with infants aged between 15 and 23 months, found that:
A)Self-recognizers have worse semantic memory
B)Self- recognizers have better semantic memory
C)Self-recognizers have better working memory span
D)Self-recognizers have worse memory for personal events
E)Self-recognizers have better memory for personal events

Accepted Answer

Howe, Courage, and Edison (2003) found that infants who demonstrated self-recognition had better memory for personal events, such as past interactions they had experienced. Therefore, the best choice is E.

Question 7

'Pruning' refers to:
A)The gradual learning of walking
B)The gradual learning of reading
C)The working memory span in children
D)The gradual elimination of unused neurons that extends up to adolescence
E)The gradual maturation of the prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

Pruning refers to the process of eliminating unused or unnecessary neurons in the brain, which occurs during childhood and adolescence. This allows for more efficient neural connections and improved cognitive function.

Question 8

Nelson (1989)found that the mother-child interaction style categorized under which name led them to answer the most questions accurately about their museum visit after a week's delay?
A)Freely-interacting
B)Practical
C)Focused
D)Uniformly engaged
E)Authoritative

Accepted Answer

Nelson (1989) found that the mother-child interaction style categorized as "Freely-interacting" led them to answer the most questions accurately about their museum visit after a week's delay.

Question 9

Memory for chess positions is primarily determined by which factor?
A)Working memory capacity
B)Intelligence
C)Expertise
D)Age
E)Digit span capacity

Accepted Answer

Memory for chess positions is primarily determined by expertise, or the amount of experience and knowledge a person has in playing chess. Expert players are able to quickly and accurately recall the positions of pieces on a chess board because they have seen similar patterns and configurations before, and have developed strategies and schemas for organizing and retrieving this information from memory. Working memory capacity, intelligence, age, and digit span capacity may all contribute to some degree, but expertise is the primary factor in determining memory for chess positions.

Question 10

Gathercole, Lamont, and Alloway (2006)suggested that:
A)ADHD is a unitary syndrome
B)The possibility that ADHD rather than reflecting a unitary syndrome, it may reflect the combination of two separable problems
C)ADHD correlates with SIF
D)ADHD correlated with RIF
E)ADHD correlates with rumination

Accepted Answer

Gathercole, Lamont, and Alloway (2006) suggest that ADHD may not reflect a unitary syndrome but instead may be a combination of two separable problems.

Question 11

Howe and Courage (1997)argued that infants could only form autobiographical memories after they had developed a:
A)Sufficient mental lexicon
B)Working memory
C)Comprehension of language
D)Self-schema
E)Sense of self

Accepted Answer

Howe and Courage (1997) argued that infants could only form autobiographical memories after they had developed a sense of self. This sense of self includes the ability to distinguish oneself from others and to have a concept of agency, which is necessary for encoding memories about one's own experiences. The other options (mental lexicon, working memory, comprehension of language, and self-schema) are important for cognitive development but are not specifically required for the formation of autobiographical memories.

Question 12

The importance of background knowledge was studied by O'Reilly, Wang, and Sabatini (2019), who found:
A)An overall correlation between age and forgetting rate for complex concepts
B)An overall correlation between knowledge and forgetting rate for simple concepts
C)An overall correlation between knowledge and forgetting rate for complex concepts
D)An overall correlation between knowledge and performance for easy concepts
E)An overall correlation between knowledge and performance for complex concepts

Accepted Answer

O'Reilly, Wang, and Sabatini (2019) found an overall correlation between knowledge and performance for complex concepts, highlighting the importance of background knowledge in understanding and retaining complex information.

Question 13

The prefrontal cortex develops:
A)Faster than other areas
B)Soon after birth
C)Only when people are in their 20s
D)Slower than other areas
E)At 1 year of age

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is one of the last brain regions to fully develop, and its development continues into a person's 20s. Therefore, it develops slower than other brain areas.

Question 14

The grey matter comprises:
A)The innermost layer of the brain
B)The outermost layer of the brain
C)A mix of the two
D)The hippocampal formation
E)The amygdala

Accepted Answer

The grey matter is the outermost layer of the brain, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses. It is responsible for processing information and is involved in several functions, including movement, sensory perception, memory, emotions, and decision-making. The hippocampal formation and amygdala are structures within the grey matter but do not comprise the entire layer. Choice A is incorrect as the innermost layer is the ventricular system. Choice C is incorrect as the grey matter is a distinct layer.

Question 15

Bathelt, Gathercole, Johnson, and Astle (2017)were interested in measuring:
A)Cortical thickness
B)Suppression-induced forgetting
C)Retrieval-induced forgetting
D)Neuroticism
E)Worry

Accepted Answer

Bathelt, Gathercole, Johnson, and Astle (2017) were interested in measuring cortical thickness.

Question 16

Nelson (1989)presented the case of _____ whose night-time monologues appeared to aid the formation of memories?
A)HM
B)Sally-Anne
C)Identical twins
D)Emily
E)Clive

Accepted Answer

Nelson (1989) discussed the case of Emily, whose night-time monologues seemed to help in the formation of memories. This example was used to illustrate how talking to oneself might play a role in cognitive processes such as memory formation.

Question 17

A major influence on developmental psychology during the middle years of the last century was:
A)Alfred Adler
B)Jean Piaget
C)Jacques Lacan
D)Jacques Derrida
E)Carl Gustav Jung

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget was a major influence on developmental psychology during the middle years of the last century. He is known for his theory of cognitive development, which proposed that children progress through a series of stages in their understanding of the world.

Question 18

Schaal, Marlier, and Soussignan (2000)showed that:
A)Adaptation to novel tastes and smells can occur during gestation
B)Adaptation to novel sounds can occur during gestation
C)Adaptation to novel languages can occur during gestation
D)Adaptation to novel sleep patterns can occur during gestation
E)Adaptation to novel visual stimuli can occur during gestation

Accepted Answer

Schaal, Marlier, and Soussignan (2000) demonstrated that adaptation to novel tastes and smells can occur during gestation, indicating that the fetal sensory system is capable of learning and memory before birth.

Question 19

Wang (2001, 2006)reports a clear difference in style of mother-child interaction. The study was comparing:
A)Chinese and British mothers
B)American and Italian mothers
C)Chinese and American mothers
D)German and Chinese mothers
E)German and French mothers

Accepted Answer

Wang's study compared Chinese and American mothers, and found a clear difference in their styles of mother-child interaction.

Question 20

Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge, and Wearing (2004)used which framework to study boys and girls between the ages of four and fifteen:
A)The suppression induced forgetting framework
B)The retrieval induced forgetting framework
C)The children as witnesses framework
D)The multicomponent working memory framework
E)The creativity in development framework

Accepted Answer

Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge, and Wearing (2004) used the multicomponent working memory framework to study boys and girls between the ages of four and fifteen. This framework focuses on the different components of working memory, such as phonological and visuospatial processes, and how they develop over time. The study aimed to investigate the development of working memory capacity and its relationship to academic achievement in children.

Quiz 14: Memory Across the Lifespan: Growing up

According to research by Barr, Rovee-Collier, and Campanella (2005) , six-month-olds evidenced deferred imitation over a 10-week period after they:

Bathelt, Gathercole, Johnson, and Astle (2017) suggested an important role for development of which part of the brain?

In the mobile conjugate reinforcement task, the reinforcement is the:

Rovee-Collier found that the presentation of what yielded memory performance near its initial level, despite the test taking place after a two-week delay?

Ceci and Bruck (2006) suggest that younger children are more suggestible than older ones because younger children:

Howe, Courage, and Edison (2003) , working with infants aged between 15 and 23 months, found that:

'Pruning' refers to:

Nelson (1989) found that the mother-child interaction style categorized under which name led them to answer the most questions accurately about their museum visit after a week's delay?

Memory for chess positions is primarily determined by which factor?

Gathercole, Lamont, and Alloway (2006) suggested that:

Howe and Courage (1997) argued that infants could only form autobiographical memories after they had developed a:

The importance of background knowledge was studied by O'Reilly, Wang, and Sabatini (2019) , who found:

The prefrontal cortex develops:

The grey matter comprises:

Bathelt, Gathercole, Johnson, and Astle (2017) were interested in measuring:

Nelson (1989) presented the case of _____ whose night-time monologues appeared to aid the formation of memories?

A major influence on developmental psychology during the middle years of the last century was:

Schaal, Marlier, and Soussignan (2000) showed that:

Wang (2001, 2006) reports a clear difference in style of mother-child interaction. The study was comparing:

Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge, and Wearing (2004) used which framework to study boys and girls between the ages of four and fifteen: