Question 1

_____ involves knowing about knowing, whereas _____ involves knowing about memory.

Accepted Answer

Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, while metamemory refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own memory capabilities and strategies.

Question 2

Expertise in an area brings all the following characteristics EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Expertise in one area does not necessarily translate to an increased ability to gain expertise in entirely different areas, as expertise is often domain-specific.

Question 3

By age five or six, children usually know all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of By age five or six, children usually...

Question 4

Cassidy is a teacher who loves to try Piagetian questions on her young son. One day in the car she asked him who the fastest runners in his class were. To confirm she asked, "Kevin is faster than Bill, right?" and later she asked, "Nate is faster than Kevin, right?" Waiting a while, she asked, "Is Nate or Bill faster?" She smiled when her son said, "_____," because he was demonstrating _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cassidy is a teacher who loves to...

Question 5

The mental area, often compared to a carpenter's workbench, where individuals manipulate and combine information when making decisions or understand something they are reading, is called:

Accepted Answer

Working memory is the mental space where information is temporarily held and manipulated, similar to a workbench, for tasks such as decision-making and comprehension.

Question 6

Garrett's teacher asked his class to write down every response they could think of to the question, "What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" This kind of exercise fosters _____ thinking.

Accepted Answer

Divergent thinking involves generating multiple, unique solutions to a problem, which is what Garrett's teacher is encouraging by asking students to think of various responses to the question.

Question 7

The ability to think in new and unusual ways to come up with unique solutions, different from intelligence, is:

Accepted Answer

Creative thinking involves generating new and unique ideas or solutions, distinguishing it from other forms of thinking like logical, analytical, or critical thinking.

Question 8

_____ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

Accepted Answer

According to research, short-term memory develops more rapidly during early childhood, while long-term memory develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

Question 9

Voletta does more than just memorize and give back information in the way it was given to her. Rather, she thinks productively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence. This means that she is engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Voletta is engaging in critical thinking, which involves analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information rather than just memorizing it.

Question 10

According to the fuzzy trace theory, the _____ consists of the precise details of the information.

Accepted Answer

The verbatim memory trace consists of the exact wording or details of what was said or experienced. The other options refer to different aspects of memory and knowledge representation proposed by the fuzzy trace theory. The gist represents the main idea or meaning of the information, while the fuzzy trace consists of the essential or meaningful aspects of the information without the details. Mental imagery refers to the mental representation of sensory experiences, which can be either verbatim or fuzzy in nature depending on the context.

Question 11

Shana and her father love to take reference books into the forest and identify trees. From all the possible trees described in her book, she wants to find the one tree that matches the one she is standing by. This exercise fosters _____ thinking.

Accepted Answer

Convergent thinking involves narrowing down multiple possibilities to find a single, correct solution, which is what Shana is doing by matching the tree to one described in her book.

Question 12

_____ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required when taking bits of information, such as a random group of letters, and making a word out of them.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking...

Question 13

Hanna is guiding her daughter through spelling words when she comes to the word tiger. Hanna asks her daughter about a tiger in one of her favorite picture books, and shows her pictures of real tigers. Hanna is using _____ to help her daughter remember the word.

Accepted Answer

Hanna is using elaboration, which involves connecting new information to existing knowledge or experiences to help remember it better. By relating the word "tiger" to her daughter's favorite picture book and showing real pictures, she is making the word more memorable.

Question 14

Megan, age eight, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday." Megan is exhibiting her:

Accepted Answer

Metamemory refers to an individual's knowledge and awareness of their own memory capabilities and strategies, which Megan is demonstrating by understanding her readiness for the test.

Question 15

At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use _____ more; and according to the fuzzy trace theory, this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children.

Accepted Answer

According to the fuzzy trace theory, as children age and their cognitive abilities mature, they start to rely more on the gist of information rather than verbatim traces. Therefore, the best choice is D- gist. The other answer choices (A) verbatim traces, (B) elaboration, and (C) verbal traces, are not attributed to the improved memory and reasoning of older children according to the fuzzy trace theory.

Question 16

Darrin is studying words for a spelling quiz. The worst strategy he could use is:

Accepted Answer

Repeating the letters without understanding or context is less effective for long-term retention compared to strategies that involve understanding, visualization, and varied practice.

Question 17

Daryl quizzed his roommate's creativity by asking, "How many different uses for a newspaper can you come up with?" This is a test of:

Accepted Answer

Divergent thinking involves generating multiple unique solutions or ideas, which is what Daryl is testing by asking for different uses of a newspaper.

Question 18

Which of the following is FALSE regarding working memory?

Accepted Answer

Working memory is considered a more active and complex system than short-term memory, not less powerful. It involves the manipulation and processing of information, whereas short-term memory is primarily about temporary storage.

Question 19

Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?

Accepted Answer

Embedding memory-relevant language when instructing children can help improve their memory skills. This means using words or phrases that are specifically designed to help children remember information, such as mnemonic devices or repetition of key concepts. Avoiding repetition (A) is not an effective strategy, as repetition can actually help improve memory. Similarly, discouraging mental imagery (D) is not helpful, as mental imagery can be a powerful memory aid. Motivating children to remember material by memorizing it (C) may be well-intentioned, but it does not provide a specific strategy for improving memory skills.

Question 20

Jeff's son is trying to learn the names of the five great lakes in the United States. While going over them Jeff points out that the first letter of each lake can be organized to spell "HOMES," so his son starts repeating the names in that order. Jeff was successful in:

Accepted Answer

Jeff used a mnemonic device by organizing the first letters of the Great Lakes to spell "HOMES," which is a memory-relevant language technique to aid recall.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

_ involves knowing about knowing, whereas _ involves knowing about memory.