Question 1

The National Crime Victimization Survey has found that crime rates are

Accepted Answer

The National Crime Victimization Survey often reveals higher crime rates than those reported by official agencies because it includes unreported crimes, providing a more comprehensive picture of crime.

Question 2

Fifteen-year-old Diego is arrested and spends thirty days in juvenile detention.He begins to see himself as a delinquent while there.When he is released,he commits more crimes.Edwin Lemert would consider the crimes Diego commits after being released

Accepted Answer

Secondary deviance refers to the stage in which a person begins to accept the label of deviant and acts accordingly, which is what Diego experiences after being labeled a delinquent in juvenile detention.

Question 3

Conflict theorists would argue that laws

Accepted Answer

Conflict theorists believe that laws are tools used by those in power to maintain their dominance and control over less powerful groups, rather than being neutral or evenly applied.

Question 4

Two groups of boys,one working class and the other middle class,engage in equal amounts of delinquent activity.The members of one group are considered "boys being boys," and the members of the other are considered "troublemakers." Which of the following theories best explains this difference?

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory explains how the same behavior can be interpreted differently based on social class, leading to different societal reactions and labels.

Question 5

Which of the following statements concerning victims and perpetrators of crime is true?

Accepted Answer

Men are statistically more likely to be both victims and perpetrators of crime compared to women, according to crime data and studies.

Question 6

Critics argue that one of the drawbacks of using the Uniform Crime Reports to measure crime is that

Accepted Answer

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) only include crimes that are reported to law enforcement, which means they may not accurately reflect actual crime rates, as many crimes go unreported.

Question 7

Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie refers to the loss of traditional norms and standards in modern society.According to Durkheim,what is the main consequence of anomie?

Accepted Answer

Durkheim argued that anomie, or the breakdown of social norms, leads to feelings of isolation and purposelessness, which can increase the likelihood of suicide.

Question 8

Which theory proposes that we become deviant when exposed to a higher level of deviant people and influences,compared with conventional influences?

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory suggests that deviance is learned through interactions with others, where exposure to deviant behavior and attitudes outweighs conventional influences.

Question 9

Even though the amount of money involved in white-collar crime in the United States is forty times greater than the amount involved in crimes against property,efforts to detect white-collar crime are ordinarily limited and most do not appear in official statistics at all.Which theoretical perspective would most likely examine this and draw a connection between criminal punishment and class?

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory would examine the disparity in the detection and punishment of white-collar crime versus property crime, highlighting how power and class influence the criminal justice system.

Question 10

According to differential association theory,who is more likely to be a delinquent?

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory states that individuals learn criminal behavior through their interactions with others, particularly those who are close to them. Therefore, a person who has friends who frequently commit crime is more likely to be a delinquent.

Question 11

From the perspective of labeling theory,deviance is seen as

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory views deviance as a result of social interactions where certain behaviors are labeled as deviant by society, emphasizing the role of societal reaction and interaction.

Question 12

Which researcher found that boys in the lower working class who are frustrated with their positions in life often join delinquent subcultures that reject middle-class values and replace them with norms that celebrate defiance?

Accepted Answer

Albert Cohen developed the theory of delinquent subcultures, suggesting that lower working-class boys who experience status frustration often form groups that reject middle-class values and create their own norms that celebrate defiance.

Question 13

Which theory is closest to the arguments of Karl Marx?

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory is closest to Karl Marx's arguments as it focuses on the struggles between different social classes and the power dynamics that lead to inequality, which are central themes in Marx's work.

Question 14

The way in which crime is understood directly affects the policies developed to combat it.If crime is seen as the product of deprivation or social disorganization,policies might be aimed at

Accepted Answer

If crime is viewed as a result of deprivation or social disorganization, policies would focus on addressing these root causes by reducing poverty and strengthening social services to prevent crime.

Question 15

While the rate of violent crime has been declining in the United States since the 1990s,it is still relatively high in comparison to other industrialized countries,like Switzerland.What is one likely explanation for the relatively high violent crime rate?

Accepted Answer

The availability of firearms in the United States is often cited as a factor contributing to its relatively high violent crime rate compared to other industrialized countries.

Question 16

Joe is a straight-A student and wants to go to a four-year college after high school.When his friends encourage him to skip class and hang out with them,he refuses to do so because he doesn't want to jeopardize his GPA.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Control theory suggests that people refrain from deviant behavior because of their bonds to society, such as commitments to conventional goals like maintaining a high GPA for college admission.

Question 17

Boys who live in a disadvantaged community can become frustrated with their prospects for material success.Of the possible responses to this frustration that are listed below,which fits most closely with the work of Albert Cohen?

Accepted Answer

Albert Cohen's theory suggests that boys in disadvantaged communities may join deviant subcultures and adopt deviant norms as a response to frustration with their inability to achieve success through conventional means.

Question 18

What has happened to crime rates in the United States from 1997 to 2016?

Accepted Answer

Both violent crime and property crime rates in the United States have generally decreased from 1997 to 2016, according to data from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program.

Question 19

Crime rates in the United States have been steadily declining over the past two decades.Identify which of the following crime rates is the highest in the 21st century.

Accepted Answer

Larceny-theft has consistently been the most frequently reported crime in the United States, making its rate the highest among the listed options.

Question 20

Which theory views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it?

Accepted Answer

Control theory posits that crime occurs when there is an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it.

Quiz 6: Conformity,deviance,and Crime