Question 1

Rayvonte,a recent college graduate,is impressed when his cousin receives many offers for job interviews after putting her résumé on the university's job board.Rayvonte decides to post
His résumé in hopes of finding his first professional job.He most likely posted his résumé on
The job board as a result of
A) latent learning.
B) vicarious conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) positive reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rayvonte,a recent college graduate,is impressed when his...

Question 2

Charlie is addicted to heroin,and although he would like to quit,he finds that it is incredibly difficult to do.
A) Explain how Charlie's addiction is an example of associative learning.
B) Give one example of how learning by watching others may have influenced Charlie's behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Charlie is addicted to heroin,and although he...

Question 3

Twins Malcolm and Molly are learning to ride bikes.Molly watches Malcolm's attempts for several minutes and then tries to ride her own bike.During this process,Molly's mirror
Neurons are
A) never active.
B) active when she is watching Malcolm.
C) active when she tries to ride her bike.
D) active when she watches Malcolm and when she rides her own bike.

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are active both when an individual observes an action being performed by another person and when they perform the action themselves. Therefore, Molly's mirror neurons would be active when she watches Malcolm trying to ride his bike and also when she tries to ride her own bike.

Question 4

Elianna watches a YouTube video of a skateboarder failing to complete a risky jump and landing in a painful position.She winces and says "Ouch,that hurts" when she watches.
Elianna can feel the skateboarder's pain because
A) she remembers falling.
B) her brother is a skateboarder.
C) her mirror neurons are active.
D) she hears him cry after he falls.

Accepted Answer

Elianna's reaction is due to her mirror neurons being active. Mirror neurons are a type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action. This neural mechanism is thought to be a basis for empathy, allowing us to understand and feel others' experiences, such as pain, by internally mirroring their actions or experiences.

Question 5

Genevieve wants her students to learn how to read their textbooks to answer questions about the material.She has her students do an ungraded in-class activity where they read sections
Of the book and answer questions about what they read on an activity sheet.A few weeks
Later,Genevieve assigns an activity sheet to go with her students' reading,but this time they
Receive a grade for finding the answers in the text.If the students do a good job and earn high
Grades on their answers,then their performance is most likely a result of
A) a cognitive map.
B) insight learning.
C) latent learning.
D) vicarious conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Genevieve's approach demonstrates latent learning, where the students initially learn the material without an immediate demonstration of that knowledge or a clear incentive. Later, when a grade is introduced as an incentive, the students apply what they have learned, showing that the knowledge was acquired and retained even when it was not immediately apparent.

Question 6

Thayer is holding her infant cousin and she smiles at the baby.The baby observes Thayer smiling and imitates the smile by smiling back.The baby most likely learned to smile in this
Situation based on
A) reinforcement.
B) modeling.
C) vicarious conditioning.
D) insight learning.

Accepted Answer

The baby learned to smile by observing Thayer and imitating her behavior, which is an example of modeling. Modeling is a type of learning where individuals learn how to act or perform by observing others.

Question 7

Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes.Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke himself.Billy's new smoking behavior is best explained by
A) latent learning.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) modeling.
D) partial reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Billy's behavior is best explained by modeling, which occurs when an individual observes and imitates another's behavior. In this case, Billy imitates the heroes he sees in movies who smoke cigarettes.

Question 8

A) Describe non-associative learning and associative learning.
B) Name and explain one type of non-associative learning.
C) Explain how non-associative learning is helpful because it allows people to adapt to their environments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A) Describe non-associative learning and associative learning.
B)...

Question 9

Every Saturday,Vaughn watches a TV show featuring a chef making new recipes.The chef always throws a pinch of salt over his shoulder when seasoning the dishes.Now,whenever
Vaughn cooks,he also throws salt over his shoulder.This modification of Vaughn's behavior
Is due to
A) shaping.
B) reinforcement.
C) vicarious conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Vaughn learned to throw a pinch of salt over his shoulder by watching the chef do it on TV, which is a classic example of observational learning. Observational learning occurs when an individual acquires a new behavior by watching the actions of another person (the model).

Question 10

Yang watched her brother pray before eating and heard their mother praise him for praying. Thus,Yang has learned to pray before eating a meal.Yang's praying is most likely a result of
A) operant learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) vicarious conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Yang watched her brother pray before eating...

Question 11

Miranda is learning how to play tennis.She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot,but after a lesson with a professional instructor,Miranda changes her backhand technique to
Imitate the instructor's method of
A) vicarious conditioning.
B) latent learning.
C) modeling.
D) continuous reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Miranda changing her backhand technique to imitate her instructor's method is an example of modeling. Modeling is a type of learning where an individual learns by observing and imitating others.

Question 12

You carpool with a friend to school every morning and he always drives.One day,your friend is sick and you have to drive yourself.Even though you have never actually driven to school,
You know the exact route to take in order to get there from your house,which is most likely
The result of
A) latent learning.
B) insight learning.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) behavior modification.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned. In this scenario, you learned the route by observing and being a passenger, not by actively driving or receiving direct reinforcement for learning the route.

Question 13

Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning.Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use
Observational learning?
A) A rat learns to run through a maze quickly to get the food at the end of the maze.
B) A lab-raised monkey sees a wild monkey's reaction to a snake and then becomes fearful of snakes.
C) A puppy learns to get to the food kept in the pantry after watching his mother open the door.
D) A cheetah injures rather than kills her prey in order to teach her cubs how to hunt.

Accepted Answer

A rat learning to run through a maze quickly to get food at the end of the maze is an example of trial-and-error learning, not observational learning. The other options involve animals learning behaviors by observing others, which fits the definition of observational learning.

Question 14

Lea is distressed to find that over the course of her first semester in college,she has gained 15 pounds.She knows that she likes to hang out at the dining hall with friends and is not used to having so many food options (particularly unhealthy ones!) around all the time.Lea also keeps snacks in her room to eat so that she will not fall asleep when she is up late studying or to make her feel better when she is stressed out over her workload.
A) Give a description of how each of the three main types of learning (non-associative,associative,and learning by watching others) does or does not explain Lea's behavior during her semester at college.Give one example of each type of learning.
B) How has long-term potentiation in Lea's brain influenced her behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lea is distressed to find that over...

Question 15

William is an observant teenager who encounters many different types of people as he goes about his day.Which of the following people is William LEAST likely to model?
A) Ms.Simone,the pretty teacher who instructs William in several of his classes
B) Nadir,his best friend who likes all the same foods and movies as William
C) Ramone,the track star who is one of the most popular kids in the class
D) Mr.Schafer,the bus driver who is very talkative to the students he drives

Accepted Answer

Modeling behavior typically occurs when an individual identifies with the model or sees them as having a desirable status or role. In this context, William is more likely to model behavior from individuals he spends significant time with, identifies with, or admires for their status or qualities (e.g., a teacher, a best friend, or a popular peer). A bus driver, despite potentially being a positive figure, is less likely to be modeled by William due to the more limited and functional nature of their interaction.

Question 16

When Mitch watches his brother Jacob stand on tiptoes to open the cabinet door,which of the following is most likely happening in Mitch's brain?
A) Dopamine is acting on his reward regions as a positive reinforcer.
B) Long-term potentiation serves to remove synaptic connections.
C) The hippocampus relays a message about the last time Mitch opened the cabinet.
D) Mitch's mirror neurons are being activated.

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons in the brain are activated when we observe someone else performing an action. These neurons allow us to understand and empathize with others by simulating their actions in our own brains, as if we were performing the actions ourselves. When Mitch watches his brother, it's these neurons that are likely active, helping him understand or mimic the action of standing on tiptoes to open a cabinet door.

Question 17

Mario believes that his son is learning to be aggressive because he plays violent video games. In what way could observational learning explain the connection Mario sees between media
And his son's behavior?
A) Children are rewarded for playing violent video games,which increases their level of aggression.
B) Violent video games reinforce children's biological tendency toward aggression.
C) Children who watch violence in video games tend to show more aggressive thoughts and actions.
D) Exposure to violence in video games changes the levels of neurotransmitters in children's brains and thus makes them more likely to act violently.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, as described by Albert Bandura, suggests that individuals can learn behaviors by observing others. In the context of Mario's observation, choice C is correct because it directly relates to the concept of observational learning. Children observing violence in video games may imitate what they see, leading to more aggressive thoughts and actions. This choice aligns with the theory that exposure to certain behaviors can lead to the adoption of those behaviors, especially in children who are in critical stages of learning and development.

Question 18

Your history professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper,so he posts an example of an "A" paper on the course website.You use this example
As a template when writing your own paper.You have used ________ to write a good
Research paper.
A) operant conditioning
B) shaping
C) modeling
D) vicarious conditioning

Accepted Answer

Modeling involves learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. In this scenario, you learned how to write a high-quality research paper by using an example of an "A" paper as a template, which is a clear instance of modeling.

Question 19

Sasha finds it funny that when she makes a silly face,her infant daughter,Penelope,tries to make the same silly face.As a psychologist who studies learning,Sasha knows that when
Penelope observes Sasha's face,Penelope's ________ is/are active.
A) long-term potentiation system
B) mirror neurons
C) memes
D) primary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are responsible for imitation and learning by observing others. When Penelope tries to mimic her mother's facial expressions, it indicates that her mirror neurons are active, allowing her to replicate the observed behavior.

Question 20

Irina,who is three years old,was watching her father hammer a nail to join two pieces of wood.If Irina learns how to hammer wood together after this experience,it is most likely the
Result of
A) observational learning.
B) modeling.
C) shaping.
D) vicarious conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning is the process of learning by observing the behavior of others. In this case, Irina is learning how to hammer wood together by watching her father do it.

Quiz 6: Learning

Charlie is addicted to heroin,and although he would like to quit,he finds that it is incredibly difficult to do. A) Explain how Charlie's addiction is an example of associative learning. B) Give one example of how learning by watching others may have influenced Charlie's behavior.

Twins Malcolm and Molly are learning to ride bikes.Molly watches Malcolm's attempts for several minutes and then tries to ride her own bike.During this process,Molly's mirror Neurons are

Elianna watches a YouTube video of a skateboarder failing to complete a risky jump and landing in a painful position.She winces and says "Ouch,that hurts" when she watches. Elianna can feel the skateboarder's pain because

Thayer is holding her infant cousin and she smiles at the baby.The baby observes Thayer smiling and imitates the smile by smiling back.The baby most likely learned to smile in this Situation based on

Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes.Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke himself.Billy's new smoking behavior is best explained by

A) Describe non-associative learning and associative learning. B) Name and explain one type of non-associative learning. C) Explain how non-associative learning is helpful because it allows people to adapt to their environments.

Every Saturday,Vaughn watches a TV show featuring a chef making new recipes.The chef always throws a pinch of salt over his shoulder when seasoning the dishes.Now,whenever Vaughn cooks,he also throws salt over his shoulder.This modification of Vaughn's behavior Is due to

Yang watched her brother pray before eating and heard their mother praise him for praying. Thus,Yang has learned to pray before eating a meal.Yang's praying is most likely a result of

Miranda is learning how to play tennis.She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot,but after a lesson with a professional instructor,Miranda changes her backhand technique to Imitate the instructor's method of

You carpool with a friend to school every morning and he always drives.One day,your friend is sick and you have to drive yourself.Even though you have never actually driven to school, You know the exact route to take in order to get there from your house,which is most likely The result of

Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning.Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use Observational learning?

William is an observant teenager who encounters many different types of people as he goes about his day.Which of the following people is William LEAST likely to model?

When Mitch watches his brother Jacob stand on tiptoes to open the cabinet door,which of the following is most likely happening in Mitch's brain?

Mario believes that his son is learning to be aggressive because he plays violent video games. In what way could observational learning explain the connection Mario sees between media And his son's behavior?

Your history professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper,so he posts an example of an "A" paper on the course website.You use this example As a template when writing your own paper.You have used ________ to write a good Research paper.

Sasha finds it funny that when she makes a silly face,her infant daughter,Penelope,tries to make the same silly face.As a psychologist who studies learning,Sasha knows that when Penelope observes Sasha's face,Penelope's ________ is/are active.

Irina,who is three years old,was watching her father hammer a nail to join two pieces of wood.If Irina learns how to hammer wood together after this experience,it is most likely the Result of