Question 1

Research designs that lack one or two of the three major elements of experimental designs- equivalence or experimental and control groups-are designated as pre-experimental designs.

Accepted Answer

Pre-experimental designs are characterized by the absence of random assignment and/or control groups, which are essential elements in true experimental designs, making them less rigorous in establishing causality.

Question 2

Pre-experimental designs lack any equivalence of groups and include one- and two-group ex post facto and one-group before-after designs.

Accepted Answer

Pre-experimental designs do not involve random assignment to groups, which means there is no control over external variables that could influence the outcome, leading to a lack of equivalence between groups. These designs include one- and two-group ex post facto studies, where researchers examine the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable without manipulating the independent variable, and one-group before-after designs, where the same group is measured before and after an intervention, without a comparison group.

Question 3

Dualistic fallacy is the assumption that prisoners who are assumed to represent all criminals)and the general population who are assumed to represent all criminals)are mutually exclusive groups.

Accepted Answer

The dualistic fallacy assumes that prisoners and the general population are two mutually exclusive groups, which is not true.

Question 4

The two-group ex post facto design,is an example of a longitudinal design.

Accepted Answer

The two-group ex post facto design is an example of a quasi-experimental design, not a longitudinal design, because it examines the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable by comparing two groups after the fact, rather than observing changes over time.

Question 5

The one-group before-after design,or one-group pretest-posttest design,eliminates possible pretest reactivity by studying both an experimental and a control group after the experimental group has been exposed to some treatment.

Accepted Answer

The one-group before-after design, or one-group pretest-posttest design, does not include a control group; it only involves observing the same group of subjects before and after an intervention, which does not eliminate possible pretest reactivity or other confounding variables.

Question 6

Which of the following is a means of controlling for invalidity in research through experimental design?
A)Research designs
B)Experimental designs
C)Validity designs
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a means...

Question 7

Which of the following refers to an incorrect assumption that because one variable precedes another in time,it is the cause of the outcome?
A)Ad hoc error
B)Post hoc error
C)Proctor hoc error
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "Post hoc error," also known as "post hoc ergo propter hoc" fallacy, which means "after this, therefore because of this." It refers to the incorrect assumption that just because one event or variable follows another in time, the first event or variable must be the cause of the second.

Question 8

Quasi-experimental designs do not use random assignment of groups and instead employ matching or other means of obtaining equivalence of groups.Quasi-experimental designs include time-series and counterbalanced designs.

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental designs do not use random assignment to create groups, which is a hallmark of true experimental designs. Instead, they rely on methods like matching to ensure groups are equivalent. Time-series and counterbalanced designs are indeed types of quasi-experimental designs, used when random assignment is not feasible.

Question 9

Longitudinal designs involve studies of one group at one time and usually refer to a representative sample of this group.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal designs involve studies of the same group of individuals over a period of time, not just one time, to observe changes and developments.

Question 10

Randomization deals with assuming equivalence by selecting subjects on the basis of matching certain characteristics such as age,sex,and race.

Accepted Answer

Randomization involves assigning subjects to different groups in a study purely by chance, rather than matching them based on specific characteristics. This process helps to ensure that each group is similar in all respects at the start of the experiment, thereby reducing bias.

Question 11

Equivalence serves as a prototype for all other research designs and contains three elements: equivalence,pretests and posttests,and experimental and control groups.

Accepted Answer

Equivalence is not a prototype for all other research designs; it is a principle that applies to experimental designs, ensuring that experimental and control groups are comparable at the start of the study. Other research designs may not involve these elements or principles in the same way.

Question 12

The classical experimental design,which serves as a prototype for our discussion of all other research designs,contains three elements;equivalence,pre-tests and post-tests,and experimental and control groups.

Accepted Answer

The classical experimental design indeed includes three key elements: equivalence (achieved through random assignment to ensure that experimental and control groups are comparable), pre-tests and post-tests (to measure changes that occur as a result of the intervention), and the use of experimental and control groups (to compare outcomes between those receiving the intervention and those who do not).

Question 13

Which of the following refers to a researcher's hidden biases and expectations may influence his or her perception of events so as to bring about that which was assumed.
A)Self-rewarding prophecy
B)Auto-fulfilling prophecy
C)Bias-expectation prophecy
D)Self-fulfilling prophecy

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "Self-fulfilling prophecy," which describes a situation where a researcher's expectations and biases influence their perception and interactions in such a way that those expectations are more likely to come true.

Question 14

Experimental designs sometimes called true experimental designs)are characterized by random assignment to treatment and control groups and include the classical,posttest-only control group,and Solomon four-group designs.

Accepted Answer

Experimental designs, often referred to as true experimental designs, are characterized by the random assignment of participants to treatment and control groups. This category includes designs such as the classical design, the posttest-only control group design, and the Solomon four-group design, all of which are structured to rigorously test hypotheses by controlling for extraneous variables through randomization.

Question 15

The Solomon four-group design Solomon,1949)is viewed by some as the purest of research designs.

Accepted Answer

The Solomon Four-Group Design is considered by some researchers as the purest form of experimental design because it allows for the assessment of both the pretest and posttest effects, as well as the treatment effect, by comparing four different groups: one that receives a pretest and the treatment, one that receives only the treatment, one that receives a pretest and no treatment, and one that receives neither. This comprehensive approach helps in controlling for both the testing effect and the interaction effects between testing and the treatment, providing a clearer understanding of the treatment's actual impact.

Question 16

Experimental group is the group that is exposed to stimuli or experimental arrangements.

Accepted Answer

The experimental group in a study is the group that receives the treatment or is exposed to the experimental condition being tested, to observe the effects of the intervention.

Question 17

Matching is the random assignment of subjects from a similar population to one or another group.

Accepted Answer

Matching involves pairing or grouping subjects based on similar characteristics or criteria, but it does not involve random assignment to groups. Random assignment is a separate process used to ensure each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in a study.

Question 18

Classic experimental design refers to the attempt to select and assign subjects to experimental and control groups in such a manner that they are as similar as possible.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Classic experimental design refers to the attempt...

Question 19

Cross-sectional studies are studies of the same group over a period of time and generally are studies of change.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies examine data from a population at one specific point in time, rather than following the same group over a period of time.

Question 20

Control group is the group that is not exposed to treatment.

Accepted Answer

The control group in an experiment is the group that does not receive the experimental treatment or intervention, serving as a baseline for comparison with the group that does receive the treatment.

Quiz 3: Research Design: the Experimental Model and Its Variations